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1、简明英语语法教程,第一单元 名词,名词（Noun),专有名词 London Mary the United Nations,普通名词,个体名词 table, computer,gun,集体名词 family, committee,物质名词 rain, fire, air,抽象名词 youth, success, beauty,可数名词和不可数名词,个体名词和集体名词一般都是可数的，如：two computersa happy family, two football teams.,抽象名词和物质名词一般都是不可数的，如 Translation is an art. 翻译是一种艺术。 Light
2、 travels faster than sound. 光比声的速度快。,可数与不可数名词间的转化,The trees are now in flower. Theres no school tomorrow.,Long Jing is a well-known tea. Two coffees, please. We met with many difficulties. Hes had many odd experiences.,不可数的物质名词和抽象名词转化为可数名词,可数的个体名词转化为不可数的物质名词,不可数名词“一件”、“一个”的表达法,a piece of news(work,i
3、nformation,furniture),a bar of chocolate, a block of ice, a burst of applause（一阵掌声） a fit of anger(一顿脾气）, a loaf of bread, a slip of paper, a(large)sum of money.,补充：,名词的规则复数形式,一般情况加s，如desks, books, girls,以 s,x,sh,ch收尾的词，加es,如glasses,roses,brushes,churches,以f或fe结尾的词，则一般变为ves,如:wife(wives),bookshelf(b
4、ookshelves),wolf(wolves),thief(thieves),以辅音+y结尾的词，则变y为i，再加es, 如party(parties),city(cities)family(families), university(universities),名词的规则复数形式,以辅音+o结尾的，一般加es,如hero(heroes),potato(potatoes),tomato (tomatoes), echo(echoes),但有一些外来词只加s，如piano(pianos), radio(radios),photo(photos),studio(studios).,有关字母，数字
5、，缩写词以及引语的复数形式详见书本（略）,名词的不规则复数形式,变内部元音：foot-feet, man-men, mouse-mice,tooth-teeth, woman-women, goose-geese,ox-oxen,child-children.,单复数同形：deer, sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese, means,series,等,某些外来词的特殊的变化: curriculum(curricula)课程，bacterium(bacteria)细菌，medium(media)媒体，crisis(crises)危机，basis(bases)基础,复合名词的复
6、数形式,主体名词变为复数：looker(s)-on,passer(s)-by, son(s)-in-law,commander(s)-in-chief,editor(s)-in- chief 等,最末一个构成部分变为复数形式：film-goer(s), go-between(s),good-for-nothing(s), forget-me-not(s)勿忘我,两个构成部分都变为复数：man-doctor(men-doctors), man cook(men cooks), man-writer(men-writers),woman-doctor(women-doctors)woman coo
7、k(women cooks),woman writer(women writers).,复数的一些习惯用法,只以复数形式出现的词：trousers, jeans, scissors,glasses,等 往往和“a pair of ” 连用。,以s结尾的名词但非复数：mathematics, economics, physics politics(政治）, news, gymnastics,a ten-pound note, two 14-year-old girls, a four-week holiday a six-minute walk, five-foot tall(五英尺高）,Thr
8、ee years is a long time to be without a job. Six miles is too far for me to walk. Im going to take a taxi.,名词的所有格,s 所有格的构成方法：单数名词在末尾加s，the boys father以s结尾的复数形式名词，末尾仅加,如the two boysmother以s结尾的单数人名变为所有格时，一般加s,Thomass brother几个词作为一个单位时,s应加在最后一个词的末，everyone elses opinion固定词组：at ones wits end, a stones t
9、hrow表示度量，时间，空间，如a weeks holiday, todays post, 表示某些国家，城市，天体等名称的，the earths surface,Londons traffic表示各自的所有关系时，一系列的名词末尾均需加sJohns and Susans desks, (约翰和苏珊各人的书桌）,Of 所有格的用法,用于无生命的东西：如 the subject of the sentence（句子的主语）,用于名词化的形容词：the struggle of the oppressed(被压迫人名的斗争）,名词的修饰语较多时，如: the name of the man over
10、 there,双重所有格的运用详见书本,第二单元 冠词,定冠词（the)的用法: (需强调的几点）特指一类人或东西：the Japanese, the masses(群众）独一无二的东西：the sun, the moon, the earth,可与一个形容词连用，代表一类人或东西：the dead, the rich,the poor, the wounded(受伤的人）在海洋，江河，山脉，群岛，海湾词前加the,但 Mountain Tai形容词最高级和比较级前加the, 如the best girl 表序数词或next, last,same 构成的名词短语：如 the last one,
11、不定冠词（a,an）的用法,须强调的几点：表“一类”如：a teacher must love his students.(教师必须爱他的学 生）特殊的用法: The children are just of an age.(同岁）a full moon，have a big lunch.a Chinese and an English dictionary.(一本中文和一本英文字典）a Chinese and English dictionary.(一本汉英字典）,零冠词的用法,补充： 在名字，国家，语言，球类，星期，月份，季节前，不用 任何冠词，如：China, play football
12、, on Monday, in winter.,表职位，头衔，社会关系等前，不用任何冠词，如： Lincoln was elected president in 1861.,用于by 交通工具时，如：by car, by ship,by plane.,冠词的一些习惯用法,go to university（上大学）, go to church,(做礼拜），in prison(坐牢）,详见书本内容,区别以下两组词组：out of the question(不可能）out of question (没问题）in case of (万一，如果）in the case of (就.来说),其他一些限定词
13、的用法：bothand .(两者都）eitheror （或者或者）neithernor （两者都不）,第三单元 代词,代词可分为九类：,人称代词 （personal pronoun),物主代词 (possessive pronoun),反身代词 (reflexive pronoun),相互代词 (reciprocal pronoun),指示代词(demonstrative pronoun),疑问代词 ( interrogative pronoun),关系代词(relative pronoun),连接代词(conjunctive pronoun),不定代词(indefinite pronoun)
14、,人称代词,人称代词的一些其他用法,Let us 与lets 有时有异议，lets 多用表劝告或建议，包括 自己与对方在内：lets go, shall we? 在不包括自己与对方在内的，please let us know the time of your arrival.,He 和she 常用来代表动物。如： Its the farmers cow:she gives lots of milk.,国家，车船，大地，月亮等常以she 代替,如: I think England will do what she promised to do.,We,you,they 泛指一切人: We(you
15、)should keep calm even when we (you)are in danger.,物主代词的一些特殊用法,物主代词分为名词性物主代词(mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs) 和形容词性物主代词(my,your,his,her,its,our,their),作介词宾语的用法(与of连用作定语）：He is a close friend of ours.（他是我们中的一位亲密朋友。）The remark of yours is quite correct.(你的那句话是很正确的。）,下面这类结构中常用the 代替物主代词：He was woun
16、ded in the leg.I had a cold in the head.He took me by the arm.,自身代词,自身代词的形式：单数：myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself.复数：ourselves,yourselves,themselves.,自身代词的功用：作宾语：please help yourself to some fish.作表语：Im not quite myself these days.作同位语：He himself is a doctor.,一些习惯用法：among themselves (ourselves)在他们（我们）之间between ourselves 私下说的话by oneself 一个人，自己干for oneself 替自己，为自己,In oneself 就其本身来说，本人 (not) be oneself 身体康复（不适） to oneself 供自己用,
