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1、第九节 正反、反正表达法,Conversion of Affirmation and Negation,What is affirmation and negation,Conversion from Affirmation to Negation,Conversion from Negation to Affirmation,Contents,Examples,riot police crisis law spy film,防暴警察 (即anti-riot police，而不是暴乱的警察) 反危机法案 (即anti-crisis law) 反谍影片,Dont stop working! 别停
2、下来！ 继续干活!He went into the insecure building. 他走进那座不安全的楼。 他走进那座危楼.,1.1 Affirmation & Negation,An Affirmative structure refers to a phrase or sentence which is positive in its structure or form, i.e. it does not have any negative element in it.,On the contrary, an Negative structure refers to a phrase
3、 or sentence which is negative in its structure or form.,在英汉互译过程中，由于两种语言表达习惯不同，往往需要把英语中的正说译成汉语中的反说，把英语中的反说译成汉语中的正说，这样才能确切表达原意并符合语言的规范。这种把正说处理为反说，把反说处理为正说的译法，叫正反表达法。,The English language has its peculiarities in negation. Of course, English-speaking people have their own way of thinking in the negati
4、on and expressing negative implications. What is affirmative in form in English may be implied something negative in Chinese, and vice verses-. The use of “yes” and “no” is a case in point.,1.2 Negative words & Expressions,a). Full negatives: no, never, none, nothing, not, nobody, nowhere, nor b). S
5、emi negatives: hardly, scarcely, seldom, barely, few, little c). Partial negatives: not every, not all, not both, not much, not many, not always,1.2 Negative words and Expressions,d). Words with negative implication: 1) (verb): fail, miss, lack, ignore, refuse, withhold, refrain (from), neglect, den
6、y, overlook, exclude; 2). (noun): absence, failure, refusal, ignorance, neglect, exclusion; 3) (adj.): few, little, free from, far from, safe from, short of; 4). (adv): little, otherwise, tooto; 5). (conj.): unless, before, until, (rather) than, or; 6). (pre): without, above, except, beyond, instead
7、 of, in place of, out of, etc. 7): Affixes with negative implication:a-, dis-, un, ab-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, non-, -less, etc.,汉语常用的否定词：“不、无、非、没、未、勿、莫、否、别、毋”等 a). 完全否定意义“不、没有、绝不、毫无、否则” b). 部分否定意义“并非都、不总是、未必全部” c). 双重否定非.不（莫）、不没有,1.2 Negative words and Expressions,2 The Conversion from Affirmation to
8、Negation,Verbs,Adverbs,Adjectives,Prepositions,Conjunctions,Nouns,Phrases,Sentences,2.1 Verbs,If he had kept his temper, the negotiation would probably have been a success. （正面表达）假如他忍住脾气，谈判可能已经成功了。（正面表达） 假如他不发脾气，谈判可能已经成功了。（反面表达）,Her husband hates to see her stony face. 她丈夫不想（不乐意）看到她那张毫无表情的脸。,Do you
9、know why she is always trying to avoid you ? 你知道她为什么老是不想见你？,2.2 Adverbs,Time is what we want most, but what, alas, many use it worst. 时间是我们最缺少的，但可叹之至，偏偏许多人 最不善于 利用。,Slowly he pulled the letter out of the envelope, and unfolded it. 他不慌不忙地从信封里抽出信纸，把它打开。They resumed their seats moodily. 他们不愉快地又坐了下来。,2.
10、3 Adjectives,Her face had a strange, lost look. 她的脸上有一种奇异的、不知所措的神情。 Appearances are deceptive. 外表是靠不住的。 Worm gear(涡轮) drives are quiet and vibration free.涡轮传动没有噪音，没有震动。 The explanation is pretty thin. 这个解释是相当不充分的。,2.4 Prepositions,The lecturer spoke above the heads of his audience. 演讲者讲得太深奥，观众听不明白。H
11、is answer is beside the mark. 他的回答文不对题。,2.5 Conjuctions,They would rather have the blue one than the green one. 他们宁愿要那个蓝色的，不愿要绿色的。The stranger had already gone before he hurried to the hotel. 还没有等他赶到旅馆，那个陌生人早已走了。,She is too careful not to have noticed it. 她那么小心，不会不注意到这一点的。,Until she spoke I had not
12、realized she was foreign. 她要是不说话，我还一直不知道她是外国人。,2.6 Nouns,There was complete absence of information on the oil deposit in this area. 关于该地区的石油储量情况，人们毫无所知。,They feel great anxiety about his sickness.他们对他的病情感到焦虑不安。Silence reigned all over the meeting room for a while. 一时全场寂静无声。,2.7 Phrases,Matties hand
13、was underneath, and Ethan kept his clasp on it a moment longer than necessary. 玛提的手在下，伊桑把它握住，握得比必要的时间长了一会儿。 玛提的手在下，伊桑把它握住，没有立刻松开。,I am at my wits end to keep the child quiet.我实在是 毫无办法 让这孩子安静下来。,The pioneers made light of difficulties and hardships.拓荒者不避艰险。,Tom kept to his room all day long.汤姆终日足不出户。
14、,The news of his assassination spread like wildfire. 他被刺的消息不胫而走。 There are many energy sources in store. The problem has been to use the energy at a reasonable cost. 有许多能源尚未开发。问题始终是要以一个合理的代价利用这些能源。,2.8 Sentences,It had been six or seven hours since I had had anything to eat, drink or smoke. 我已经六、七个小
15、时没有吃饭、喝水或抽烟了。Haste makes waste. 欲速则不达,The decision has to come. 还没有做出决定。,Let sleeping dog lie. 莫惹是生非。,Exercises,“It was the most influential private group,” says one of the founder members. 该组织的创始人之一说：“这个组织曾是影响最大的非官方集团 She models between roles. 她不演戏时做模特。,On Sunday Jim idles away his time. 星期天吉姆无所事事。
16、The relay(继电器) acted vainly due to negligible current.电流太小，继电器不能启动。,Unless England improve their game, theyre going to lose the match. 英格兰队如果不改进打法，就会输掉这场比赛。,How can machines work in the absence of electricity?没有电时，机器如何运转？I was at a loss to understand what he alluded to. 我无法领会到他谈话中所指的是什么。His grandmother is already 80, but she carries her years lightly. 他祖母已80岁了，可是并不显老。,3 The Conversion from Negation to Affirmation,Verbs,Adverbs,Adjectives,Nouns,Phrases,Sentences,
