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1、土地复垦实施管理要求,二一一年八月 广东,2018/10/10,提 纲,2,2018/10/10,国土部门土地复垦的管理职责,3,2018/10/10,对历史遗留和自然灾害损毁土地复垦的管理职责,4,2018/10/10,对生产建设活动损毁土地复垦的管理职责,5,美国1977年露天采矿与复垦法 颁布前已废弃的矿区，由国家通过建立复垦基金的方式组织恢复治理。 颁布后出现的土地和环境破坏，按照“谁破坏，谁复垦”的原则进行复垦,国外的法律体系完善,2018/10/10,6,美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等矿业大国都将土地复垦方案纳入采矿许可审查,An applicant for a Mined Land R
2、eclamation Permit must submit a Mined Land Use Plan which includes: （申请采矿许可必须提交土地复垦方案） 1、an outline of the mining property and the affected land,矿区的描述 2、the applicants mining plan, and 采矿方案 3、the applicants reclamation plan.复垦方案 核心；采矿工艺与复垦方法（Mining and Reclamation Methods Mining and Reclamation Meth
3、ods. The applicants mining and reclamation plans shall describe the mining method as designated by the applicant on the basis of current or anticipated mining practices, and the reclamation method, having as its objective the preparation of the affected land for a future productive use. The proposed
4、 method of operating a mine and the method of reclaiming the affected land to achieve the applicants land-use objective shall be compatible with sound environmental management practices. After the Department has issued a mining permit, the permittee shall not deviate or depart from the mined land-us
5、e plan without approval by the Department.（方案不能变更）,2018/10/10,7,2018/10/10,Questa矿土地复垦方案,8,土地复垦计划主要内容： 1、在采矿之前的土地条件：（1）土地的当前用途及利用方式（2）按照土壤和相关基础特征、地形、植被等，该土地可能的用途和利用方式。如可能，最好提供土壤调查报告。（3）土地生产力，如果是基本农田，还应加以细分，包括在高水平的管理下，食物、纤维、草料、木产品等农副产品的生产力。 2、复垦后土地利用方式及其支持不同利用方式的能力，与当前土地利用政策和计划的关系，以及土地所有者、州政府和当地政府及其代
6、理机构关于土地复垦后土地利用的规划、执行和授权方面的意见。 3、将要采用的采矿和复垦工程技术及相关设备的描述；控制地表水排泄和地表积水的计划；空洞及凹地的回填、土壤的压实和平整及植被恢复计划；按照法律规定的标准对粮田、草地和森林土壤的重建、换土及固土计划；每一英亩土地估计的复垦花费。 4、完成复垦工作的详细预计时间表。 5、使采矿和土地复垦操作与土地所有者和当地政府土地利用计划相一致和协调的相关考虑。 6、采取适当的措施，以确保符合当前的空气与水质量法规和其他任何有效的健康与安全标准。,2018/10/10,9,Maps. The mined land-use plan shall be pr
7、esented in a combination of graphic (map) and written (text or narrative) formats. The information to be presented in graphic form shall be submitted on a United States Geological Survey 7-minute quadrangle sheet (unless unmapped at the 7-minute scale, in which case a 15-minute sheet will suffice) w
8、hich has been enlarged to a scale not to exceed 1“ = 660 (preferably 1“ = 200). An equivalent map may be utilized and must be prepared by an engineer, geologist, licensed land surveyor or other person trained in such plan and map preparation. Aerial Photographs. Aerial photographs or maps prepared o
9、n an aerial photo base may be used to supplement the information presented in graphic form. The Department reserves the right to reject aerial photographs on the basis of their being out of date, of poor quality, of improper scale or for other reasons which render them unsatisfactory for the require
10、d purpose.,2018/10/10,10,严格、苛刻的审查制度 充分的公共参与,Before a company can begin extracting coal, a multitude of government permits federal, state and local are required. The process of obtaining these permits is time-consuming and costly, requiring painstaking analyses of the mining site. Once all the necess
11、ary information is compiled a process that can take three years or longer （至少三年，以便使公众有充分的时间了解资讯） the coal company files for a permit application. The law requires that a period of time then be allowed for public review and comment so that citizen concerns are adequately addressed. Additionally, a co
12、al operator must post a performance bond sufficient to cover the cost of restoring the site to assure reclamation (ranging as high as $10,000 per acre). This must be done before a permit can be granted. The bond is not finally released until the final revegetation of the site has been determined to
13、be successful this time period could be up to ten years following reclamation.,2018/10/10,11,不留痕迹的复垦，或者更好,2018/10/10,12,不留痕迹,加拿大,2018/10/10,13,不留痕迹,2018/10/10,14,保护优质耕地,2018/10/10,联邦法律规定在农田上开矿，矿主必须把农田复垦成有生产能力的土地；如果在基本农田上开矿，矿主必须将表土和犁底层剥离并分层储存，复垦时分层回填,15,复垦成基本农田（Peabodys many reclamation programs incl
14、ude restoring prime farmland. Making sure that crop yields exceed pre-mining harvests ）产量要高于复垦前水平,2018/10/10,16,设立年度优秀复垦奖（best practices）,美国,2018/10/10,17,优秀复垦奖,2018/10/10,18,边开采，边复垦,2018/10/10,加拿大,19,2018/10/10,20,2018/10/10,21,2018/10/10,22,重金属污染废弃地进行植物修复,植物固定 植物固定(phytostabilization)是耐性植物利用其自身的机械
15、稳定作用和吸收沉淀作用来固定土壤中重金属的方式，可以降低重金属的生物有效性和防止其进入水体和食物链，从而降低其对环境的污染风险。重金属植物固定技术主要应用于矿山废弃地、城市垃圾填埋场、污水处理厂污泥和各种污染土壤的修复。 西班牙 At sites contaminated with metals, plants are used to either stabilize or remove the metals from the soil and ground water through different mechanisms. Phytostabilization（植物固定技术）operat
16、ion for more than 2500 years. The activities were ended in 1991. Mining district is located in Murcia Province, southeast Spain (Fig. 1) and covers 50 km2, including five population nuclei with around 20.000 total populations.,2018/10/10,23,(Fig. 2) which contain materials of high Fe-oxyhydroxides, sulphates, and potentially leachable elevated contents of heavy metals (mainly Zn, Pb, and Cd) due to extreme acidic conditions.（含锌、铅、镉）,2018/10/10,24,2018/10/10,25,2018/10/10,
