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1、11早产儿的生理特征及日常护理早产儿比一般新生儿体质弱，日常护理呵护更加需要注意，以免造成危险后果。那么，早产儿如何护理？早产儿的有哪些生理特征呢？一、早产儿的生理特征1、外表特点。头颅相对更大，与身体的比例为 1：3，囟门宽大，颅骨较软，头发呈绒毛状，指甲软，男婴睾丸未降或未全降，女婴大阴唇不能盖住小阴唇。2、呼吸系统。因呼吸中枢和呼吸器官发育不成熟，呼吸功能常不稳定，部分可出现呼吸暂停和青紫。有些早产婴儿因肺表面活性物质少，可发生严重呼吸困难和缺氧，称为肺透明膜病，这是导致早产儿死亡的常见原因之一。3、消化系统。吸力和吞咽反射均差，胃容量小，易发生呛咳和溢乳。消化和吸收能力弱，易发生呕吐，
2、腹泻和腹胀。肝脏功能不成熟，生理性黄疸较重且持续时 间长。肝脏储存维生素 K 少，各种凝血因子缺乏易发生出血。此外，其他营养物质如铁、维生素 A、维生素 D、维生素 E 糖原等，早产儿体内存量均不足，容易发生 贫血，佝偻病，低血糖等。4、体温调节。体温中枢发育不成熟，皮下脂肪少，体表面积大，肌肉活动少，自身产热少，更容易散热。因此常因为周围环境寒冷而导致低体温，甚至硬肿症。5、神经系统。各种神经反射差，常处于睡眠状态。体重小于 l500 克的早产儿还容易发生颅内出血，应格外引起重视。6、免疫功能。早产儿的免疫功能较足月儿更差，对细菌和病毒的杀伤和清除能力不足，从母体获得的免疫球蛋白较少。由于对
3、感染的抵抗力弱，容易引起败血症，其死亡率亦较高。下面再来一起看看早产儿的衣食住行护理要求。二、早产儿的日常护理1、沐 浴2000 克左右的早产儿，早几天采用油澡（用消毒的植物油擦掉胎脂） ，以后可用温水浴，过多的操作、搬动易使之疲劳，增加心脏负担和消耗热能，还会引起吐奶甚至颅内出血，因此，动作应尽量轻柔。2、保 暖保暖是减少早产儿死亡的最重要措施，室温应保持在 2628，湿度维持在 5565，夏季可经常用湿拖把拖地，冬季在室内烧一壶启盖的沸水，充分 的湿度可避免呼吸22道粘膜的干燥。体温维持稳定在 3637之间为正常，触摸手脚指（趾）端暖和，面色红润，呼吸均匀，吃饱了能安静入睡为正常状态。过度
4、 保暖可发生高热甚至烫伤，热水袋的水温 5060，不能用沸水加入，也不能让热水袋直接贴挨宝宝的肢体，要隔被放置。3、居室卫生由于室内温度较高，湿度较大，细菌容易繁殖，因此，要求居室卫生清洁，空气新鲜，每日通风两次，每次 1520 分钟。4、预防感染早产儿免疫功能低下，对各种感染的抵抗力更差，应尽量减少探视，对患呼吸道感染、发烧、腹泻、皮肤感染等疾病亲属的探访，要婉言谢绝，不让其进入早产儿的居室，以防止传染病的发生，定时通风，保持室内清洁卫生。5、测体重每周可测体重 12 次，如体重不增，应请保健医生协助查找原因。6、喂 养保证母乳喂养。如发现宝宝有频频呛奶，气促，面色难看或唇周发青甚至拒奶，就
5、要警惕宝宝可能生病了。早产儿吸吮能力较足月儿差，宜少量多餐，在吸吮过程中，会有几次含乳头休息的正常现象。Preterm neonatal physique weaker than normal, more need to pay attention to routine nursing care, to avoid dangerous consequences. So, how premature care? What are the physiological characteristics of premature babies?A, the physiological characte
6、ristics of premature infants1, appearance characteristics. Head is relatively larger, and the proportion of the body is 1:3, xin door is wide, the skull is soft, the hair is villous, nail soft, male testes not fall or not, all girls labia majora cannot cover the labia minora.2, the respiratory syste
7、m. Because of the respiratory center and respiratory organ development is not mature, respiratory function is not stable, often part can appear apnea and blue. Some premature babies because of less lung surface active substance, can be a serious breathing problems and lack of oxygen, called hyaline
8、 membrane disease of the lung, this is one of the leading to a common cause of premature death.3, the digestive system. Suction and swallowing reflex are poor, stomach capacity is small, easy choking cough and spilled milk. Digestion and absorption ability is weak, prone to vomiting, diarrhea and ab
9、dominal distension. Liver function is not mature, physiological jaundice heavier and last long time. Liver storing less vitamin K, all sorts of clotting factors lack prone to bleeding. In addition, other nutrients such as iron, vitamin A, 33vitamin D, vitamin E glycogen, premature infants in stock a
10、re insufficient, prone to anemia, rickets, hypoglycemia, etc.4, body temperature regulation. Temperature center development is not mature, subcutaneous fat, less surface area is large, muscular activity, less itself produces less heat, easier to heat dissipation. So often lead to hypothermia for env
11、ironment around the cold, even hard swollen.5, the nervous system. All kinds of nerve reflex is poor, often in a state of sleep. Weigh less than l500 grams of premature babies also prone to intracranial hemorrhage, should be caused take seriously all the more.6, the immune function. Premature babies
12、 immune function is less full term, to kill bacteria and virus and cleaning ability is insufficient, and less from maternal immunoglobulins. Due to the resistance to infection, easy to cause sepsis, its mortality is also higher.Again below to see the daily life of premature infant care requirements.
13、Second, the daily care for premature babies1, wash bath,2000 grams of premature infants, early days using oil bath (to use wipe disinfection of vegetable oil fat), available after warm bath, too much work, move easily fatigue, increase the burden of the heart and the consumption of thermal energy, s
14、till can cause vomiting milk even intracranial hemorrhage, therefore, action should be gentle.2, keep warm,Warmth is the most important measures to reduce the number of premature deaths, room temperature should be kept in 26-28 , humidity remained at 55% - 55%, summer can often mop the floor with we
15、t mop, winter indoors to burn a pot of boiling water lid, adequate humidity can avoid respiratory tract mucous membrane is dry. Stability of the temperature between 36, 37 for normal, warm hands touch refers to (foot) end, rosy, breathing evenly, can eat quiet sleep as normal. Excessive heat preserv
16、ation heat can occur even scald, 50-60 , the water temperature of hot water bag can not use boiling water to join, also cannot let hot water bag to babys body directly, to be placed.3, the bedroom healthBecause of the indoor temperature is higher, humidity is bigger, bacteria easy breeding, therefore, requires a bedroom health clean, fresh air, ventilation and two times a day, 15-20 minutes at a time.4, to prevent infectionPreterm low immune f
