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1、Lecture 10,Direct / Indirect Speech,What is Direct Speech?,Also called quoted speech. A quotation or recording of a persons exact words. Quotation marks are used “ ”,What is Indirect Speech?,Also called reported speech. Paraphrases or reports someone said. The persons exact words are not necessarily
2、 used.,Let us put some sentences side by side and see the differences between direct speech and indirect speech,Usually indirect speech is introduced using the verb said, as in I said, Jack said, or they said,With indirect speech, the use of that is optional,Ramli said the sun rises in the east and
3、sets in the west. I told the secretary the chairman is arriving in 15 minutes Melissa said shell come over again tomorrow,You will notice that:,When a sentence changes from direct to indirect speech, it is introduced by a verb in the past tense: He said that The verbs are changed from present to pas
4、t tense. The present perfect is changed to the past perfect. If the main verb is already in the past, then the tense can remain unchanged or change to past perfect tense. When using indirect speech, the form changes Tenses, Pronouns, Time, etc.,Change of Tenses,Indirect speech is reporting someones
5、words that are spoken in the past, therefore generally all the verbs are involved in change of tenses.,Direct -VS- Indirect,Put into reported speech, using the verb indicated,Example: Bring me a book He asked her to bring him a book Go away (He told) Come here (I asked) Eat it up (Tell) Run away (Th
6、ey told) Pay at once (They ordered) Fold it in half (She asked) Give me another (Ask) Write quickly (Ask) Sit down (We asked) Have a cup of tea (She asked),Come at five oclock. (he told) Pick it up. (he ordered) Wash your face. (he told) Clean my shoes. (I asked) 5.Do it again (tell) Open the door (
7、Ask) Hold this (she asked) Play the piano (They asked) Come in (He ordered) 10.Look out (I told),HOWEVER (Exceptions),:,When the introductory (reporting) verb is in the simple present, present perfect or future tense, there is no change of tense in the words reported Eliza says, “I want a hot tea.”
8、Eliza says that she wants a hot tea. The chairman says, “We must work together.” The chairman says that we must work together. I am sorry He will tell you that he is sorry (Future) He says he is sorry. (present) He has just told me that he is sorry (present perfect),Natural laws , general truth, hab
9、itual actions may remain in the present simple. Galileo said, “The earth goes round the sun” Galileo said that the earth goes round the sun Our science teacher told the class, “Water boils at 100 degree Celsius.” Our science teacher told the class that water boils at 100 degree Celsius. James said,
10、I like strawberries” James said he likes strawberries”,No change in tense when the action is still progressing or will occur when it is reported. Pei Yee said, “My brother is still playing with his new PS2.” Pei Yee said that her brother is still playing with his new PS2.,When Direct Speech changes
11、to Indirect Speech,The tense of the verb should be changed accordingly to suit the situation for certain words referring to place and time. 1 “I am in the middle of a meeting,” said the chairperson. The chairperson said that he was in the middle of a meeting. “I am resting in the room when the incid
12、ent happened,” said Shawn. Shawn said that he was resting in the room when the incident happened. 3 “We all saw what happened,” claimed the students. The students claimed that they all saw what had happened. (Past/Past Perfect Tense both acceptable),Change of pronouns in the 1st person to the 3rd pe
13、rson,Sample Sentences,John says, “I am a doctor.” John says that he is a doctor. “You must leave!” the manager said. The manager ordered me to leave. “Call me back in 10 minutes,” he said. He asked me to call him back in 10 minutes.,“Please take your shoes off before entering,” she said. She request
14、ed us to take our shoes off before entering. “The money is mine,” Sally said. Sally claimed that the money is hers.,GUESS WHAT,Besides using said in Indirect Speech, as in I said that, he said that, John said that, they said that, actually you can use many other more suitable words to make what you
15、say much more concise, interesting and informative, such as: agree, answer, believe, claimed ,decide, explain, realize, say, tell, think, accuse, admit, advise, allege, apologize, beg, boast, complain, deny, explain, invite, offer, order, promise, reply, suggest,Example,“I have made the payment!” th
16、e customer said. The customer claimed that he had made the payment. “Im sorry for the delay,” the event planner said. The event planner apologized for the delay.,Also,Some words mentioned can already be used as a verb. E.g: Direct Speech He said, “Thank you.” Indirect Speech He thanked me. DS He sai
17、d, “Curse the fog!” IS He cursed the fog. DS He said, “Congratulations!” IS He congratulated me.,Direct & Indirect Speech: Commands If the direct speech is a command or a request, the indirect speech is introduced by told, ordered, asked The base form in the command is changed to to + the base in the indirect Speech Examples: “Keep quiet!” said the principal. The principal ordered us to keep quiet. “Be careful!” mother said. Mother reminded me to be careful,
