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1、非谓语动词,非谓语动词：不能独立地在句中充当谓语的动词或动词形式，没有人称和数的变化，具有动词的特点，有自己的宾语或状语，同时还具有名词、形容词或副词的性质，在句子可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语或状语。,1.分类： 非谓语动词包括：动词不定式（to do），动词-ing (现在分词和动名词)，动词-ed分词。,2.功能： 1）不定式：主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾补、状语（常表目的、结果） 2）动词ing：动名词（相当于名词，同时又具有动词的性质）：主语、表语、宾语、定语 现在分词：定语、表语、宾补、状语（时间、原因、伴随状况、结果、让步） 3）-ed分词：表语、定语、宾补、状语,3.形式：
2、 1）肯定形式： 动词不定式的形式：,动词-ing （动名词和现在分词）,2）否定形式： not+ 不定式 / 动词ing / 动词-ed分词,注意：当前面有逻辑主语时，not要放在逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间。,eg: Victor apologized for to inform me of the change in the plan. A. his being not ableB. him not to be ableC. his not being ableD. him to be not able,非谓语动词的逻辑主语,非谓语动词的时态和语态选择 不定式、现在分词或动名词的动作若发生在
3、主句谓语动词的动作之前，就用完成式；强调正在进行的用进行式；否则，用一般式。当不定式、现在分词或动名词与其逻辑主语若是主谓关系，就用主动式，否则，用被动式。,1.The houses being built are for the teachers 2.The broken glass is Toms 3.Have you read the novel written by Dickens ? 4.He is a man loved and respected by all. 5.The questions to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is a v
4、ery important one. 6.I have a computer to repair. 我有电脑要修理。(我自己修理) 7.I have a computer to be repaired. 我有电脑要修理。(别人修理) 8.China is a developing country, while America is a developed country.,2.不定式 不定式作定语，通常放被修饰的名词或代词之后，表动作尚未发生，与所修饰的名词构成动宾关系，若不定式逻辑主语同时也是句子的主语，用主动表被动，否则用被动。,1.With online course Crazy Eng
5、lish has over 20 million students all over China _ the class through Internet. A. attend B. attended C. attending D. to be attended 2.G8 is an international organization _ the richest countries in the world, five of which are quite small and two of which are island states.A. is consisted of B. consi
6、sting of C. consists of D. consisted of 3.Research _ out at the Liverpool University supports this idea and suggests that if we dont use the sense of direction, we lose it.A. to carry B. carrying C. being carried D. having carried 4.Here is a photo_ in my classroom at primary school. Can you recogni
7、ze me in it?A. taking B. was taken C. taken D. been taken,不定式、分词作状语的区别：,1.不定式做状语，表目的（句首、句末）、结果、原因； 现在分词做状语，表时间、原因、条件（通常放句首）伴随状况、结果、方式（放句末），用逗号与主句隔开，表主动； 过去分词做状语，表时间、原因、条件、伴随、让步，通常放句首，也可放句末或句中，表被动（vt）或完成(vi)。,2. 现在分词作状语，如果既要表示分词与逻辑主语之间的被动关系，又要说明分词的动词是正在进行的与句子谓语动词同时发生的动作，则要用现在分词的被动式，即being + 过去分词；如果既表
8、示被动关系，又要说明分词的动作发生在句子谓语动词之前，则要用现在分词的完成式的被动语态，即having been+过去分词,一般在句中作时间或原因状语,注意：1.非谓语动词做状语，逻辑主语一定要跟主句主语一致，否则就要用独立主格结构：主语+非谓语动词 2.有些过去分词源于系表结构，作状语时不表被动而表主动。有此用法的过去分词及短语有：seated（坐） hidden（躲, 藏） dressed in（穿） tired of （厌烦）born （出生于）lost (迷路) lost / absorbed in（沉浸于） determined to （决定）faced with （面对）based
9、 on（根据；以为依据）,eg: 1.Lost in thought, he didnt notice that everyone had gone2.Faced with such great difficulty, Jack felt at a loss what to say.3.The signal given, the bus started.(独立主格)4.Born in a poor family, he had to take part-time jobs to earn some money for his tuition fee.,1. Daddy didnt mind w
10、hat we were doing, as long as we were together, fun.A. had B. have C. to have D. having2. in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited3. When help ,one often says, “Thank you.” or “Its kind of y
11、ou.”A. offering B. to offer C. to be offered D. offered,4._ we were taken to see the library. A. We had been shown the classroomsB. Being shown the classroomsC. Having been shown the classroomsD. Having shown the classrooms 5.Hill often attends public lectures at the University of London, chiefly_ h
12、is English. A. to improve B. improving C. to have improved D. improved 6.A remote-controlled bomb exploded outside a hotel yesterday, _ at least 12 people. A. having been injured B. having injured C. injuring D. injured 7.The suspect was cunning. He told a lie to the policeman _ at the scene. A. whe
13、n questioned B. while to be questioned C. as questioning D. when questioning,不定式、动名词作宾语的区别：,1.动名词表示一般，经常性，抽象的动作，不指某一次具体的动作；不定式则表示具体的动作。动词like, love, prefer+ to do / doing would/ should+ like/ love / prefer+ to do eg: 1)He likes swimming, but he doesnt like to swim today.2)I would like to go swimming
14、 this weekend.,2.某些动词跟不定式或动名词作宾语的区别： stop to do sth 停止正在做的事情去做别的亊 stop doing sth停止正在做的亊,remember to do sth记住去做某事 remember doing sth记得曾经做过某事 forget to do sth忘记去做某事 forget doing sth忘记已做了某事 go on to do sth（做完一件亊）接着做另一件亊 go on doing sth继续做同一件亊 regret to do sth为将要做的亊感到遗憾 regret doing sth后悔做过某事 try to do
15、sth尽力/ 努力做某亊 try doing sth尝试着做某事 mean to do sth意欲/想/打算做某事 mean doing sth意味着做某事 cant help to do sth不能帮忙做某事 cant help doing sth情不自禁地做某事,不定式、分词作宾补的区别：,1. 感官的动词hear, listen to, see, watch, notice, observe等+ sb/ sth + do（不带to的不定式） / doing / done不定式(短语)作宾补时，表示该动作已发生，跟宾语是主动关系，指事情的全过程；现在分词(短语)作宾补，表示动作正在进行，跟
16、宾语是主动关系, 指事情的一个阶段；过去分词(vt)作宾补，表示完成, 跟宾语是被动关系,注意：1).不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成和状态,2)被动语态：V(感官的动词hear, listen to, see, watch, notice, observe等)+ sb / sth + do 变为被动语态时，sb/ sth be + V-ed + to do,1）I heard her sing an English song just now. 2）I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. 3）I heard the English song sung many times. 4）I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone.（状态） 5）I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.(完成) 6）I saw him climb up a tree yesterday. 7）He was seen to climb up a tree. 8）The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.,
