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1、四六级长难句分析,Grammatical Structure,一、时态和语态（The Tense and The Voice),时态（Tense)是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。 语态（Voice)也是动词的一种形式，表示主语（动作的发出者或动作的承受者）和谓语之间的关系。,Sample one:,This group generally do well in IQ test, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the int
2、ellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, affirm. 这群人在智商测验中一般考得很好，得分在平均分100以上12-15分。而且他们对西方的知识和文化做出了很大的贡献。这种贡献相对于他们的人口数量来说是不成比例的。正如他们中的精英分子的职业生涯所证实的，这些精英分子中包括若干位世界著名的科学家。,Sample 2:,A century ago, Freud formulated his revolut
3、ionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise”-the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. 一个世纪以前，弗洛伊德系统阐述了他的革命性理论：梦是我们无意识的欲望和恐惧的变相反映。到20
4、世纪70年代晚期，神经学家们转而认为，梦只是“精神上的噪音”，也就是说，在睡眠时进行的神经修复工作的任意副产品。,Sample 3:,She felt suitably humble just as she had when he had first taken a good look at her city self, hair waved and golden, nails red and pointed. 她感到称心得体，就像她以前感觉一样，那时他第一次仔细审视了她城里人的气质、飘逸的金发、又红又尖的指甲。,Sample 4:,The changes that have taken pl
5、ace in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century. 最近60年来空中旅行所发生的变化即使对19世纪末20世纪初最有成就的科学家来说似乎也觉得完全是不可能的。,Sample 5:,Id say whenever you are going after something that belongs to you, anyone who is
6、 depriving you of the right to have it is criminal. 我想说，无论何时当你在追求属于你的东西时，任何剥夺你拥有它的权利的人都是有罪的。 注：belong, own, possess 这类动词通常不用进行时态。,Sample 6,I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week. 如果确实可能的话，我本来是要去医院看他的，但是上周整整一周我忙得不可开交
7、。,Sample 7:,For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works, but that the public believe that it does. 为了他能连任，真正重要的不是他的政策有效，而是公众认为他的政策有作用。,Sample 8:,The conveniences that Americans desire reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of
8、time are too valuable to be wasted. 注：not so muchas与其说倒不如说 美国人所渴望的方便用具和方便设施与其说是反映了一种闲暇的生活方式，还不如说是反映了一种繁忙的生活方式，其中甚至几分钟时间也宝贵得不能被浪费掉。,Sample 9:,Great efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoided. 假如想要避免食品短缺，那就必须做出更大的努力来增加农业产量。 Be (am, is, are, or, was, were
9、)和不定式连用，可表示：,1）按计划或安排要发生的事或打算做的事：I am to see him today at six oclock. 2) 该做或不该做的事（接近should, must, ought to, have to): You are not to smoke in this room. 3) 能不能发生的事（接近can, may)：How am I to pay such a debt? 4) 不可避免将要发生的事，后来将发生的事：The worst is still to come. 5) (用于条件句）如果想要(接近ifwant to, 或ifshould): If we
10、 are to be there in time, well have to hurry up. If there is to be revolution, there must be a revolutionary army.,Sample 10:,Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a makeup examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time. 如果你去向数学老师解释清楚，那时你的父母病了，他是会乐意给你一
11、次补考的机会的。,Sample 11:,I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year. 我希望，到我们明年回来的时候，她的身体将会很好。,by the time+从句（谓语用一般现在时）表示“到将来某个时间点为止”，故主语中的谓语用将来完成时。e.g.：By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. by the time+从句（谓语用一般过去时）表示“到过去某个时间点为止
12、”，所以主句谓语需用过去完成时；如表示状态，也可以用一般过去时，例如：By the time he was taken to the hospital, he was already dead.,有些表示时间的短语可引导时间状语从句，例如：the instance, the minute, the moment, the day, the year, each (every) time, next time, the first (second) time 等。 e.g.: The minute he saw her he fell in love.The day he returned ho
13、me, his father was already dead.Every time I come he is reading.He was much better the last time I saw him.,Sample 12:,John isnt a diligent student, for it is the third time he has been late, isnt it? 约翰并不是一个勤奋的孩子，因为这是他第三次迟到了，对吗? 在下列表达方式后要用现在完成时：1）This (that) is the first/second/third, etc例如:This is
14、 the first minibus we have had in our town. 2) This (that) is the only例如：This is the only party that I have really enjoyed in my life. 3) This (that) is the+形容词最高级例如：It is the most interesting book (that ) Ive ever read. 如果谈到过去，就用过去完成时，如：This was the first high-rise building we had had in our town.,
15、Sample 13:,No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent. 注：no sooner+ had+主语+过去分词（被动语态用been+过去分词）+than+主语+一般过去时;意为“刚就”。 话一说出，他就立刻意识到，他本来应该保持沉默。,Sample 14:,We had hoped to start our business, but we never had enough money to do so. 我们本来希望自己开办自己的企业，但是我们钱不够。
16、注：hope, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 和want 这一类表示希望，愿望，打算的动词用于过去完成时态表示过去的希望、期待、意图、愿望等没有实现。如：1）I had meant to call on you, but was prevented from doing so. 2) She had thought of paying us a visit but the bad weather made her change her plans. 3) They had wanted to help but couldnt get there in
17、 time. 4) I hadnt for a minute supposed (expected) that I should get the first prize. (我一点都没想到我会得一等奖）,Sample 15:,You love your only son and indulge him so much that you are doing him harm. 你爱你的独生儿子，把他娇惯到了害他的程度了。 注：现在进行时常用来阐述、归纳前面所说的话。这种现在进行时的语气往往较强。本句中的现在进行时表示结果，有归纳或总结之意。如：I can not sleep. Something is worrying me. 第二句中用现在进行时表示原因，解释前一句。,
