《《儿童社会性发展与教育》中英文课件ppt chapter 2 行为是如何习得的》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《《儿童社会性发展与教育》中英文课件ppt chapter 2 行为是如何习得的（25页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Chapter 2,How behaviour is learnt,contents:,Behaviourist theoriesSocial learning theoryConstructivist theories,Behaviourist theories,Classical conditioning:,Ivan Pavlov(1849-1936),Food arrives when the bell has rung,After some time the dog associates food with the bell ringing and salivates in prepa
2、ration for eating-this is a conditioned reponse.,Pavlovs dogs,Dog sees food Unconditioned stimulus(UCS) Dog sees assistant Conditioned stimulus(CS) Dog hears bell,sees food CS+UCS Dog hears bell CS,Pavlovs theory of classical conditioning,Dog salivates Unconditioned response(UCR) Dog salivates Condi
3、tioned response(CR) Dog salivates UCR Dog salivates CR,Theory and practice,Can you think of any situations in your workplace where adults have conditioned children to behave in the type of conditional way? Give us someexamples.,Law of Effect:If a response is followed by a satisfying, or pleasurable
4、state of affairs or feelings it is more likely to be repeated.Other responses fade away.,Operant conditioning：,1. Edward Thorndike ( 1874 1949 ),Stimulus Response Positive reinforcement,2. B.F.Skinner(1904-1990),Operant conditioning：,positive reinforcementnegative reinforcement,The main purpose,The
5、main purpose of reinforcement is to shape behaviour in such a way that the behaviour will be repeated.,Think it over :,positive / negative reinforcement or punishment1. A bully pulls Katys hair until she hands over her lunch money.When the bully has the money the hair pulling stops. 2. A three-year-
6、old helps to tidy away the toys and his key-worker praises him and gives him a sticker. 3. Linton uses a swear word when playing.His mother says that he cant watch his favourite television programme later on. 4. A teacher encourages her class to tidy up quickly by promising extra story time. 5. A ba
7、by crawls over to another toddler and tries to take a toy.The toddler hits the baby.The key worker notices that the baby does not crawl near the toddler again.,Theory and practice:,In the kindergarten , how do the teachers encourage childrens positive behaviours?,Continuous reinforcement Fixed ratio
8、 Variable ratio Fixed interval Variable interval,Five schedules of reinforcement:,Social learning theories:,Albert Bandura -This theory emphasises the importance of observing and modeling the behaviour.,the experiment of Bobo doll,Role models,Can you think of role models that you have had in the pas
9、t who influenced you to behave in a certain way ?,Learning by observation,Five processes in observational learing :,MotivationAttentionPracticeMemoryRevisited,Constructivist:,learning is about buildingon new experiences andmodifying old experiences in order to developnew knowledge.,1. Jean Piaget (
10、1896-1980 ),Piagets theory identified four aspects of cognitive development :,a. Schemaschemas are early ideas or concepts based on linked patterns of behaviour and are part of a childs powerful drive to understand his or her experiences.b. Assimilationchildren are able to adapt their schemas when t
11、hey have a new experience.,four aspects of cognitive development,c. Accommodationwhen a child realises that their schema does not fit or match the situation that they are in, or what is happening around them.This results in the child developing a new schema.d. Equilibrium/disequilibrium,Piagets theo
12、ry identified four aspects of cognitive development :,four aspects of cognitive development,Constructivist:,Bruner developed the termscaffolding,where adults orindeed other children can helpto make a childslearning more manageable.especially when they are learning something new.,2. Jerome Bruner,Con
13、structivist :,Zone of Proximal development(ZPD)the difference between what a child could learn on their own and that which they could learn with the help of others.,ZPD,3.Lev Vygotsky(1896-1934),New words,New words,Checkpoint:,1. Explain how shaping could be used to teach a child how to play a musical instrument.2. What theory would support the view that adults need to be good role models for children?3. What is the Zone of Proximal Development?,Thank you !,
