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1、1 第一章第一章 Macroeconomics 宏观经济学宏观经济学 The study of the overall aspects and workings of a national economy, such as income, output, and the interrelationship among diverse economic sectors. 研究国民收入的各方面。 Microeconomics 微观经济学微观经济学 The study of the operations of the components of a national economy, such as
2、 individual firms, households, and consumers. 研究经济中单个因素行为的分析。 GDP 国内生产总值国内生产总值 (Gross Domestic Product) The total market value of all final goods and services produced within the borders of a nation during a specified period. 一国国民在各行业中一年内生产的最终产品和最终服务价值总和。It is often seen as an indicator of the stand
3、ard of living in a country.Gross Domestic Productconsumption + investment goods + government purchases + net exports Economic Growth 经济增长经济增长 steady growth in the productive capacity of the economy (and so a growth of national income) Real Economic Growth Rate 实际经济增长率实际经济增长率 A measure of economic gr
4、owth from one period to another expressed as a percentage and adjusted for inflation (i.e. expressed in real as opposed to nominal terms). The real economic growth rate is a measure of the rate of change that a nations gross domestic product (GDP) experiences from one year to another. Gross national
5、 product (GNP) can also be used if a nations economy is heavily dependent on foreign earnings. The real economic growth rate builds onto the economic growth rate by taking into account the effect that inflation has on the economy. The real economic growth rate is a “constant dollar“ and therefore a
6、more accurate look at the rate of economic growth because the real rate is not distorted by the effects of extreme inflation or deflation. GDP deflator GDP 指数指数 In economics the GDP deflator (implicit price deflator for GDP) is a measure of the change in prices of all new, domestically produced, fin
7、al goods and services in an economy. GDP stands for gross domestic product the total value of all goods and services produced within that economy during a specified period. Nominal GDP 名义名义 GDP A gross domestic product (GDP) figure that has not been adjusted for inflation. Real GDP 实际实际 GDP This inf
8、lation-adjusted measure that reflects the value of all goods and services produced in a given year, expressed in base-year prices. Often referred to as “constant-price“, “inflation-corrected“ GDP or “constant dollar GDP“. Unlike nominal GDP, real GDP can account for changes in the price level, and p
9、rovide a more accurate figure. Potential output 潜在产量潜在产量/潜在潜在 GDP In economics, potential output (also refered to as “natural real gross domestic product“) refers to the highest level of real Gross Domestic Product output that can be sustained over the long term. GDP Gap GDP 缺口缺口 The forfeited outpu
10、t of an countrys economy resulting from the failure to create sufficient jobs for all those willing to work. A GDP gap denotes the amount of production that is irretrievably lost. The potential for higher production levels is wasted because there arent enough jobs supplied.（与书异） Net Exports 净出口净出口 T
11、he value of a countrys total exports minus the value of its total imports. It is used to calculate a countrys aggregate expenditures, or GDP, in an open economy. In other words, net exports is the amount by which foreign spending on a home countrys goods and services exceeds the home countrys spendi
12、ng on foreign goods and services. Recession 经济衰退经济衰退 A significant decline in activity spread across the economy, lasting longer than a few months. It is visible in industrial production, employment, real income, and wholesale-retail trade. The technical indicator of a recession is two consecutive q
13、uarters of negative economic growth as measured by a countrys GDP. Notes: Recession is a normal (albeit unpleasant) part of the business cycle. A recession generally lasts from six to eighteen months. Interest rates usually fall in recessionary times to stimulate the economy by offering cheap rates
14、at which to borrow 2 money. Depression 经济萧条经济萧条 A severe and prolonged recession characterized by inefficient economic productivity, high unemployment, and falling price levels. In times of depression, consumers confidence and investments decrease, causing the economy to shutdown. Value Added 附加值附加值
15、 The enhancement a company gives its product or service before offering the product to customers. This can either increase the products price or value.（与书异） Gross National Product GNP 国民生产总值国民生产总值 An economic statistic that includes GDP, plus any income earned by residents from overseas investments,
16、 minus income earned within the domestic economy by overseas residents. GNP is a measure of a countrys economic performance, or what its citizens produced (i.e. goods and services) and whether they produced these items within its borders. Disposable Income 可支配收入可支配收入 The amount of after-tax income that is available to divide between spending and personal savings. This also known as your take home pay. Unemployment Rate 失业率失业率 The percentage of the total labor force that is un
