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1、 教材练习答案及听力原文Unit 1 WARMING UP ?Answers: 1 Archimedes, Ancient Greek (287-212 BC) He was a mathematician. He found that if you put an object into water the water pushes the object up. It rises and partly floats. The force of the water pushing it up is the same as the weight of the object. 2 Charles D
2、arwin, British (1808-1882) The Origin of Species was published in 1859. It explained how plants and animals had changed over time to fit in with a changing environment. At the time it was published it was very controversial. Many people believed the Bible when it said that God made the first two peo
3、ple (Adam and Eve) and that all other people came from these two. Darwins book showed that people had developed from apes instead. So this caused a lot of argument between religious and scientific people. However Darwins idea became very influential and is still accepted today. 3 Thomas Newcomen, Br
4、itish (1663-1729) He improved the first steam pump built by Thomas Savery in 1698 and turned it into a steam engine for taking water out of mines in 1712. James Watt improved it still further in the 1770s turning it into the first modern steam engine used on the railways. 4 Gregor Mendel, Czech (182
5、2-1884) He grew pea plants and developed ideas on heredity and inherited characteristics. He concentrated on cross-fertilising pea plants and analyzing the results. Between 1856-1863 he grew 28,000 pea plants. He examined seven kinds of seed and plant characteristics and developed some laws of inher
6、itance. The first is that inheritance factors do not combine but are passed to the next generation intact. Second, he found that each partner gives half the inherited factors to the young. Third, some of these factors show up in the offspring (and so are dominant). The other factors are masked by th
7、e dominant ones (and so are recessive). 5 Marie Curie, Polish and French (1867-1934) She was born in Poland and came to study in France in 1891 and she lived there for the rest of her life. In 1898 she discovered radium. She received two Nobel prizes, one (with Pierre Curie) for physics (1903) and o
8、ne for chemistry (1911). She is the only person to have been so honoured. On the death of her husband she took over his job at the Sorbonne in Paris. Her work on radioactivity and the discovery of radium meant that she began a new scientific area of research. She was the first woman to receive a Nob
9、el Prize and the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne. 6 Thomas Edison, American (1847-1931) He was already an inventor of other electrical devices (phonograph, electric light bulb) when in 1882 he designed a system for providing New York with electricity from a central power station. This was a tre
10、mendous achievement, which had previously been thought impossible.7 Leonardo da Vinci, Italian (1452-1519) He was a famous artist whose skill for showing human skin tones made his paintings seem to come alive. He used to study dead people in order to make his paintings as accurate as possibile. Some
11、 of his famous paintings include “The Adoration of the Magi” and the “The Last Supper”. Later in his life he lived in France where he designed a submarine and a flying machine. 8 Sir Humphry Davy, British (1778-1829) He did research into different gases and discovered the medicinal value of nitrous
12、oxide (or laughing gas) as an anaesthetic. In 1815 he developed a safety lamp for miners. Previously there had been many accidents when candles on the miners helmets had exploded when it came into contact with underground gas from the coal the miners were digging. The safety helmet made working unde
13、rground very much safer. 9 Zhang Heng, Chinese (78-139) He invented the first seismograph to indicate in the direction of an earthquake. It was in the shape of a cylinder with eight dragon heads round the top, each with a ball in its mouth. Around the bottom were eight frogs directly under a dragons
14、 head. When an earthquake occurred, a ball fell out of the dragons mouth, making a noise. 10 Stephen Hawking, British (1942-) He has worked in astronomy and studied black holes in space. He has shown that black holes do not only absorb everything around them but, from time to time, throw out matter
15、as well. This may mark the beginning of new galaxies. This is an advance on the old theory which said that black holes “eat” everything they come across. COMPREHENDING ?Answer key for Exercise 1: 1 An outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854. 2 John Snow began to test two theories. 3 John Snow investi
16、gated two streets where the outbreak was very severe. 4 John Snow marked the deaths on a map. 5 He found that most of the deaths were near a water pump. 6 He had the handle removed from the water pump. 7 He announced that the water carried the disease. 8 King Cholera was defeated. ?Answer key for Exercise 2: 1 John Snow finally proved his idea because he found an outbreak that was clearly related to cholera, collected information and was able to tie
