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1、Spatial Analysis in Urban and Environmental Planning & Management,Spatial Analysis in Urban and Environmental Planning & Management,Adjacency (Nominal Measure),Spatial Measurements,Distance and Proximity (Interval Measure),Distance and Proximity (Interval Measure),Elevation, Slope, and Aspect,Three
2、Types of Clustering,Spatial Patterns,Clustering Patterns,Diffusion A Temporal Process,Gradients: Regular value changes with distance,Central Place and Fractal Structures,Landscape Fragmentation Analysis,Spatial Models,Nominal or Boolean Overlay (And, or, Not),Multiple layers (usually grid-cells havi
3、ng same spatial geometry and projection) are combined using Boolean AND, OR, and NOT operators. Most commonly used for environmental sensitivity and development suitability analysis,Algebraic Overlay (+,-.*,/ and weights),Multiple layers (usually grid-cells having same spatial geometry and projectio
4、n) are combined using algebraic as well as Boolean operators. More powerful than Boolean overlay, but cell weights and combination operators require strong theory or model calibrationMost widely used for real estate and retail location studies; some land use models.,Diffusion Models & Processes (Tem
5、poral),Differential state (pollutant, fire, population characteristic) diffuses over time. Diffusion vector (rate, direction) can change based on time, resistance or interaction layers, and emergence. Widely used for modeling pollutant dispersion, fire propagation, urban growth, climate change,Cellu
6、lar Automata (Temporal),Change of state (urbanized, burned) over time based on adjacency and proximity rules, subject to acceleration/resistance and exclusion conditions, or emergence. Used for modeling fire propagation and urban growth (SLEUTH). Rules and conditions require historical calibration i
7、f model is to be robust.,One-way Networks,One-way branching network with link order.Most widely used for hydrological and watershed analysis to accumulate runoff and line flows.,Multi-path, Multi-directional Networks,Used in all forms of transportation analysis (urban, freight, logistics) to model T
8、rip generation, trip distribution, modal choice (road and public transport networks) and trip assignment.Most all of todays better transportation analysis packages (TransCad, Cube, VISEM) read or work with geographically accurate networks.,Z1,Z2,Z3,Traveler from Zone 1 to Zone 2 will take link A, an
9、d vice versa.Travelers from Zone 1 to Zone 3 will take link B, and vice versa.Travelers from Zone 2 to Zone 3 will take link C, but because link C is one-way, those from Zone 3 to Zone 2 must take link B and link A,A,B,C,Loosely-coupled Models,The term loosely-coupled models refers to models that re
10、ly on GIS for populating spatial variables (or those that have a spatial dimension) and for output presentation; but which are calibrated and/or run in a different package, usually one involving statistical estimation. Many land use and urban growth models (UrbanSim, CUF) are loosely-coupled; as are
11、 most transportation analysis packages. Some air and water-quality models are loosely coupled. Most real estate, site-location models, and pollution dispersion models were previously loosely coupled, but are increasingly being integrated into GIS. Many urban analysts rely on GIS for some data preparation and measurement, but do the bulk of their work in another environment.,
