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1、Title,Functions of titles,Identify the main topic or the message of the paper Attract readers,Titles for hypothesis-testing papers,Stating the topic in the title: a phrase Stating the message in the title: a phrase or a sentence,Titles for hypothesis-testing papers,题名通常由名词性短语构成，其中的动词多以分词或动名词形式出现 e.g
2、. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologProcessing of X-ray diffraction data collected in oscillation mode,Titles for hypothesis-testing papers,很多编辑和学者认为题名不应由陈述句构成 e.g. Oct-3 is a maternal factor required for the first mouse embryonic division 有时可以用疑问名作为题名 e.g. When is a bi
3、rd not a bird?,Stating the topic in the title,3 pieces of information X=the independent variables (自变量) that you manipulated Y=the dependent variables (应变量) that you observed or measured Z=the animal or population and the material on which you did the work,Titles for papers that have both independen
4、t and dependent variables,Effect of X on Y in Z,Effect of X on Y in Z,ExamplesEffect of -Endorphin on Breathing Movements in Fetal SheepEffect of Membrane Splitting on Transmembrane PolypeptidesEffect of Esmolol (艾司洛尔) on Airway Function in Patients with Asthma,Titles for papers that have only depen
5、dent variables,Y in Z,Y in Z,ExamplesDynamics of the Chest Wall in Preterm InfantsDisposition of Acetaminophen (对乙酰氨基酚) in the Sheep Maternal-Placental-Fetal Unit,Other information in the title,Sometimes include the condition the subjects or the animals were in during the experiments or the experime
6、ntal approach.,Examples:Effect of hypoproteinemia on fluid balance in the lungs of awake newborn lambsMicrovascular pressures measured by micropuncture in lungs of newborn rabbits,The message is expressed by either an adjective or a noun. e.g. Reduced metabolic rate during radio-frequency irradiatio
7、n in ratsAlteration of lung mechanics by protein-calorie malnutrition in rats,A good title,Accurately, completely, and specifically identified the main topic or the message of the paper Unambiguous Concise Begin with an important term,Accurate,The words in the title should be the same as in the ques
8、tion and answer stated in the Introduction, Discussion, and abstract.,Question: To determine whether the injury of epithelial cells in the pulmonary alveoli that occurs in many inflammatory conditions is induced in part by stimulated neutropihls, we exposed monolayers of purified alveolar epithelial
9、 cells from rats to stimulated human neutrophils and measured cytotoxicity.,Answer: We concluded that stimulated neutrophils induce injury in the epithelial cells in the pulmonary alveoli.,Question: To determine whether the injury of epithelial cells in the pulmonary alveoli that occurs in many infl
10、ammatory conditions is induced in part by stimulated neutropihls, we exposed monolayers of purified alveolar epithelial cells from rats to stimulated human neutrophils and measured cytotoxicity.,Answer: We concluded that stimulated neutrophils induce injury in the epithelial cells in the pulmonary a
11、lveoli.,Title:Neutrophil-induced injury of epithelial cells in the pulmonary alveoli of rats,Unambiguous,Avoid noun clusters Do not use abbreviations, except for the abbreviations that are better known than the words they stand for (DNA) and abbreviations for chemicals (N2O5) .,ExampleQuantification
12、 of the effect of the pericardium on the LV diastolic PV relation in dogs,RevisionQuantification of the pericardiums effect on the left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relation in dogs,Concise,Keep the title shorter than 100 characters and spaces Two ways: Omitting unnecessary words Compacting
13、 the necessary words,Omitting unnecessary words,ExampleAlterations induced by administration of chlorphentermine (对氯苯丁胺) in phospholipids and proteins in alveolar surfactant,Revision AAlterations induced by chlorphentermine in phospholipids and proteins in alveolar surfactant,Revision BChlorphenterm
14、ine-induced alterations in phospholipids and proteins in alveolar surfactant,Compacting necessary words,Use a category term instead of details Use an adjective instead of a noun followed by a preposition,ExampleElectron microscopic demonstration of lysosomal inclusion bodies in lung, liver, lymph no
15、des, and blood leukocytes of patients with amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity,RevisionElectron microscopic demonstration of lysosomal inclusion bodies in extrapulmonary tissues of patients with amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity,ExampleReduction in metabolic rate during radio-frequency irradia
16、tion in rats,Revision Reduced metabolic rate during radio-frequency irradiation in rats,Titles for descriptive papers,ExamplesHip, a novel cochaperone involved in the eukaryotic Hsc70/Hsp40 CDC20 and CDH1: a family of substrate-specific activators of anaphase-promoting-complex-dependent proteolysis,Titles for methods papers,Examples Endotracheal flowmeter for measuring tidal volume, airway pressure, and end-tidal gas in newbornsA improved method for isolating type cells in high yield and purity,
