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1、愛因斯坦的宇宙與高空間 Parents of the Science / Hyperspace 數學與物理的交互作用,高文芳 交大物理所 2004/1/17 台中女中/台中一中,Galileo Galilei (1564-1642),Issac Newton (1642-1727),James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879),Albert Einstein (1879- ),Everything is physics 舉目所見 皆是物理 J. Schwinger Matter Physics 物質物理 Bio-Physics生命物理 Social Physics社會物理 孔
2、德 Auguste Comte, 1798-1857,數學與物理的交互作用,微積分 - 牛頓重力場 黎曼幾何 - 愛因斯坦重力場 纖維束 Fiber Bundle - 規範場 Calabi-Yau 流形 - Superstring Hyperspace 高空間 / 表面宇宙 (Brane Universe),Riemann, Georg Friedrich Bernhard 黎曼（18261866）,生於德國漢諾威 (Hanover)，卒於義大利 Selasca。黎曼在分析與幾何上有極廣泛與深入的貢獻，其空間觀念與方法，影響及於現代理論物理，尤其是廣義相對論。 25歲得到哥廷根的博士學位，兩年
3、後提出論文On the representation of a function by means of a trigonometrical series申請哥廷根的（無給）講師職位， 1854年在偉大的高斯面前發表就職演說On the Hypothesis that forms the foundation of Geometry。在這篇演說中，黎曼為此後一百五十年的微分幾何大業指出了方向，立下了基礎，論文的本身不僅是個數學史上的一篇傑作，並且在表達上也是一個典範。,統一場論,重力 牛頓重力 F= GMm / r2 電磁力 SU(1) 庫倫定律 F= kQq / r2 1950- 弱交互作用
4、力 SU(2) 強交互作用力 SU(3),Hermann Klaus Hugo Weyl 1885-1955,1918 He produced the first guage theory in which the Maxwell electromagnetic field and the gravitational field appear as geometrical properties of space-time.,Gauge/Scale symmetry,規範場,規以畫圓 九尺一範,Fiber Bundle,Theodor Franz Eduard Kaluza 1885-1954,
5、Kaluza in 1919, sent a paper to Albert Einstein proposing a unification of gravity with Maxwells theory of light This paper was communicated by Einstein himself on 8 December 1921 for publishing,Oskar Klein 1894-1977,Klein assumed the fifth dimension to be periodic with a period l = c(2k)1/2/e where
6、 e was the charge of the electron and k was Einsteins constant of gravitation. The dimension was on the order of the Planck length. Kleins results were published in Nature in the autumn of 1926.,Kaluza-Klein Theory of Hyperspace,重力場,電磁場,五維重力場,四維重力場,電磁場,Ed. Witten 1951- Fields Medal, 1990,布蘭代斯大學 (Bra
7、ndeis) B.A. 1971 歷史系 Princeton M.A. 1974 /羅文嘉 / Ph.D. in 1976 Harvard 博士後 1976-77; Junior Fellow 1977-80 Princeton 物理教授 1980; MacArthur Fellowship 1982 高等研究院(Institute for Advanced Study) Professor in the School of Natural Sciences 1982 Atiyah: 雖然他顯然是物理學家 (從他的著作可知), 然而他主導數學的能力顯然少有數學家可以出其右, 他以數學描述物理觀
8、念的能力也是近乎唯一. 其完美地運用物理直觀, 開創新而深入的數學的能力,一再令數學界嘆為觀止.,數學是科學之母 物理是科學之父,Brandeis University 物理系,Randall-Sundrum 1999 高空間表面物理Brane (hypersurface) Physics,Brane 四維表面,Bulk,我們住在這裡,Extra dimension 第五維,21世紀的主流物理 - 天文物理 Hyperspace and Space Travel 最熱門的行業 : 天文旅行社 1930 天外有天 1980 粒子天文物理 1990 宇宙學成為實驗科學 2000 顯學,Oh My
9、GoD!,President BTWN the Bushes,Expanding Universe,Edwin Hubble (1889 - 1953) 一九二三年，他在威爾遜 山天文台用當時最大的 二點五米口徑的反射望遠鏡 拍攝了仙女座大星雲的照片,The Hooker Telescope on Mt. Wilson Picture Credit: Mount Wilson Observatory,Astronomers think most of the universe is made of dark energy, followed by dark matter. The remain
10、der of the cosmos consists of ordinary matter, most of it locked up in stars and clouds of gas,Scientists speculate that the universe began an accelerated rate of expansion halfway into its 15 billion-year life when objects began flying apart from one another at a much faster rate,The red rings deno
11、te galaxies expanding at a slow rate while the green one show an accelerated rate. The farthest know supernova exploded as the universes expansion was slowing down,CMB,Robert Wilson/Arno Penzias 1965,Array for Microwave Background Anisotropy (AMIBA),數學是科學之母 物理是科學之父 宇宙是科學之子,結論:,凡所有相 皆是虛妄 若見諸相非相 即見如來,
12、The central area of the Orion Nebula is called the “Cavern.“ Astronomers have identified more than 700 young stars at different stages of formation buried inside this region. In the center of the image are four very hot and massive stars, which radiate a torrent of ultraviolet radiation. This radiat
13、ion “illuminates“ the cloud, enabling us to see it, although not in a way that a light bulb lights a room. Rather, the intense ultraviolet radiation causes the cloud to glow.,Eagle Nebula,Where are the “baby“ or embryonic stars? If you look very closely at the column, you may see protrusions that lo
14、ok almost like fingers. These “fingers“ probably contain embryonic stars which astronomers call “protostars.“ However, it is unlikely that many will “grow up“ and shine like our sun.,These photos - the first to reveal the pancake shape of orbiting gases and dust - is evidence that planet formation i
15、s common in our Milky Way Galaxy. Presently, 47 planets have been identified outside our solar system. If planets are common, then extraterrestrial life may be common as well !,Star Cluster NGC 1850,The glorious yellow stars shown in this picture are probably similar to our Sun. These stars are in t
16、he Large Magellanic Cloud, a galaxy 166,000 light-years away from our own Milky Way Galaxy.,This is a picture of the star Eta Carinae. At 150 times the mass of our Sun, it is one of the most massive stars currently known. Eta Carinae is actually on the brink of destruction. Despite these explosions,
17、 the core remains intact. Eta Carinae probably will blow off its outer layers many times.,This beautiful image is called the Cats Eye Nebula. It shows a white dwarf star surrounded by colorful shells of gas. The white dwarf star was formed when the core of an old red giant star collapsed inward and blew off its outer layers. (The shells of gas you see here used to be the outer layers of the old red giant.) White dwarf stars are no larger than Earth, but are very dense; one cubic centimeter of a white dwarf can have a mass of more than 2 million kilograms !,
