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1、Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Infants rate of acquisition approx 7 words/day, birth-6 vocabulary size 10-14,000 at 6 creative language use,Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Infants Speech Perception in
2、Infancy phonemes speech-sound categories across speakers Eimas and coauthors habituation studies, sucking response dishabituation indicates perceiving difference between sounds Recognize native language sounds at or soon after birth Recognize all sounds in all languages at birth disappears by 1-year
3、,Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Infants Speech Perception in Infancy Werker and Teesdistinguishing sounds in other languages Kuhlrelearning lost distinctions language rhythms bilingual homes and language discrimination,Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin C
4、hapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Infants Language Comprehension in Infancy By 6 months old, infants are fairly good a perceiving and understanding simple spoken language1. Recognizing important words name, mommy, daddy 2. Discriminating between grammatical words and meaning words,Co
5、gnition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Infants Language Comprehension in Infancy 3. Understanding the correspondence between sound and sight emotional tone of spoken language Walker-Andrews recordings of either a happy voice or an angry voice side-by-side film
6、s of happy speaker and angry speaker infants watched the face that matched the emotion of the voice,Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Infants Language Comprehension in Infancy 4. Appreciating semantic concepts Mandler and colleaguesconcepts about object
7、s distinguishing between visually similar objects animate/inanimate objects “animal“ vs. “vehicle“ categories concepts become more refined,Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Infants Language Production in Infancy Cooing 2 months, vowels only (aaa) Babbli
8、ng 6 months, consonants + vowels (baaa)intentional communication at 8-10 months,Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Infants Adults Language to Infants child-directed speech / mothereseadults typically use a different language style when speaking to infant
9、s Repetition, slow, high pitch, exagerated expression differences across language communities mothers who are depressed,Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Children Words early words and concepts generalize (1 many) word production comprehension of words
10、interrelationship of memory and language,Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Children Words fast mappingusing context to make a reasonable guess about a words meaning Heibeck and Markman (1987) series of paired objects familiar and unfamiliar terms overex
11、tension underextension,Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Children Morphology morphemes morphology pay greater attention to phrases with appropriate morphology create their own regular formslittle or no grammatical morphemes below 15 months (drink / drin
12、king),Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Children Morphology overregularizationthe tendency to add the most customary morphemes to create new forms of irregular words (runned, goed, eated) parallel distributed processing explanationlanguage system keeps
13、tally of morpheme patterns; patterns of excitation within neural networks account for overregularization rule-and-memory theory (Marcus)children learn a general rule for past-tense verbs and also store in memory the past tenses for many irregular verbs,Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 13,The De
14、velopment of Language,Language in Children Syntax combining words into sentences (18-24 months) two-word utterances Daddy home Dolly sick morphology and syntax Me going active process using syntax cues,Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Children Pragmati
15、cs learning the social rules of language what to say, to whom, language styles, coordinating conversations,Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Children Pragmatics adapting language to the listener Shatz and Gelman (1973) 4-year-olds speaking to 2-year-olds, 4-year-olds and adults 2-year olds speaking to infants taking turns in conversation gestures of interest; listener responses,
