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1、The Figures Of Speech,figures of speech 即修辞格 修辞手法,含明喻Simile 暗喻Metaphor 拟人personification 夸张Hyperbole 委婉语Euphemism 反语Irony 对偶Antithesis 转喻 Metonymy 间接肯定法Litotes 类比Analogy 提喻 Synecdoche 拟声Onomatopoeia 反论Paradox 矛盾修饰法Oxymoron 双关 Pun 转移修饰 Transferred Epithet 一语双叙 Syllepsis 对照Contrast 排比Parallelism 头韵 Al
2、literation,1、Simile(明喻）,It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as.as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For exa
3、mple, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.,Example,“Like the sorcerer of old”Unit 5 The Plug-in Drug:TV and the American Family,Part “He does not go into the valleys of Pennsylvania where the towns look like movie sets of Wales in the thirties”Unit 4 The Invisible Po
4、or,2、Metaphor （暗喻）,It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.,Example,“beauty and myths are perennial masks of poverty” “More than that,they realize that the existenc
5、e of a reservoior of cheap,unorganized labor is a menace to wages and working conditions throughout the entire economy.”Unit 4 The Invisible Poor,“We are in the midst of a full-scale War”Unite 5 The Plug-in Drug:TV and the American Family,Part ,3、Synecdoche （提喻）,It is involves the substitution of th
6、e part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say theres bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.,Example,“They have no face;they have no voice.”Unit 4 The Invisible Poor“In unskilled or uncaring hands a handmade basket or boat can fall apart as quickly as baskets or b
7、oats made by machines”Unit 8 Why Nothing Works,4、antonomasia（换喻）,It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.,“Or perhaps he looks at a run-down moun
8、tain house and,remembering Rousseau rather than seeing with his eyes”Unit 4 The Invisible Poor,5、Oxymoron（矛盾修饰）,It is a compressed paradox（似非而是的论点 ）, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory（对立物） or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud
9、 humility(侮辱).For example, No light, but rather darkness visible .,Example,“This new segregation of poverty is compounded by a well-meaning ignorance” “There are tens of thousands of Americans in the big cities who are wearing shoes,perhapes even a stylishly cut suit or dress,and yet are hungry”Unit
10、 4 The Invisible Poor,6、Hyperbole（夸张）,It is the deliberate（故意的） use of overstatement（夸大，言过其实） or exaggeration to achieve emphasis.For instance, he almost died laughing.,Example,“But generally they do not disturb the quite streets of the middle class” “As a group,they are atomized”Unit 4 The Invisibl
11、e Poor“My opinion,which is based on more than a decade in the classroom,is that learning skyrockets”Unit 7 Grouping the Gifted:Pro,7、Euphemism（委婉）,It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to
12、“die“ as “ pass away“.,Example,“A good number of them (over 8,000,000) are sixty-five years of age or better” “It is one of the cruelest ironies of social life in advanced countries that the dispossessed”Unit 4 The Invisible Poor,8、Irony（反语）,It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying
13、the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning .,Example,“Sometimes they advertise their poverty through a lurid tabloid story about a gang killing”Uni
14、t 4 The Invisible Poor“Clearly there is a need for first-rate childrens shows at this time”Unit 5 The Plug-in Drug:TV and the American Family,Part ,“The childrens evening is regimented with an almost military precision”Unit 5 The Plug-in Drug:TV and the American Family,Part “If educators sincerely d
15、esire to promote individual growth and self-respect”Unit 7 Grouping the Gifted:Pro,9、Personification（拟人）,It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.,Exa
16、mple,“which nurtured so many civilizations,is gravely ill”Unit 2 Beware the Dirty Sea,10、Transferred Epithet（转类形容词）,It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project.,Example,“The mournful litany of disease is caused by sewage”Unit 2 Beware the Diry Sea“Even people with terribly depressed incomes can look prosperous.”Unit 4 The Invisible Poor,
