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1、Ferdinand de Saussure,Main Contents:,Part1: Saussures Status, Biography and his Contributions to Linguistics1. Status2. Biography3. Contributions to Linguistics Part2: The Main Academic Viewpoints of Saussure1. Langue and Parole 2. Synchronic and Diachronic 3. Signified and Signifier 4. Syntagmatic
2、Relation and Paradigmatic Relation Part3: Influence, Evaluation of Saussure and Limitations of his Linguistics Theories.,Part 1: Saussures Status in Linguistic History,StatusFerdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)was a Swiss linguist who occupies an important place in the history of linguistics. He was th
3、e pivotal figure in the transition from the 19th to 20th century, and is generally considered the founder of modern linguistics.,Part 1: Saussures Status in Linguistic History,The Course in General Linguistics 普通语言学教程 It was posthumously published in 1916. It is considered Saussures most influential
4、 work. His ideas in this book leave a monumental impact.“A linguistic system is a series of differences of sound combined with a series of differences of ideas.“ -Ferdinand de Saussure,Part 1: Biography of Saussure ,2. Biography a) He was born in Geneva, on Dec.26th 1857, Switzerland. b) By age 15,
5、he had learned Greek, French, German, English, and Latin. He began his education at the University of Geneva studying physics and chemistry from 1875 to 1876. He went to Leipzig in 1876 to study linguistics. Saussure published a book entitled Dissertation on the Primitive Vowel System in Indo-Europe
6、an Languages in 1878. 论印欧系语言元音的原始系统，被誉为“历史语言学中杰出的篇章”,Part 1: Biography of Saussure ,f) He wrote his doctoral thesis On the Genitive Absolute in Sanskrit in Berlin in 1879. 论梵语绝对属格的用法 g) He returned to Leipzig and was awarded his doctorate in 1880. h) He taught in Paris for 11 years1881-1891 before r
7、eturningto Geneva in 1891. i) He lectured on Sanskrit and Indo-European at the University of Geneva from 1891 to 1907. j) Saussure began teaching the course of general linguistics in 1907. 1907-1911 k) He died in 1913 in Australia.,Part 1: Contributions to Linguistics (1),3. Contributions to Linguis
8、tics Semiotics-signifier and signified Language is a subject based on symbol and meaning. Langue and paroleLinguistics only can study language by learning it, excluding any interferences of the non-language factors. Synchronic and diachronic Syntagmatic relations and paradigmatic relationsThey are t
9、he nucleus of Saussurian theory.,Part 1: Contributions to Linguistics (2),e) Saussures another major contribution to linguisticsthemain object of study should be spoken language, not written language. f) One of Saussures important findings is that the text and general pragmatic syntax are different.
10、 g) Laryngeal theoryWhile a student, Saussure published an important work in Indo-European philology that proposed the existence of a class of sounds in Proto-Indo-European called laryngeals, outlining what is now known as the “Laryngeal theory.“,2.1: Langue and Parole,a) Langue refers to the abstra
11、ct linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community .Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.b) The difference between langue and parole is obvious. 1)langue is abstract and parole is concrete2) langue is a generally accepted way of communication. parole is simply a
12、 personal choice . 3) langue is relatively fixed and parole is temporary.,2.1:Langue and Parole,c) From other aspects, langue and parole are closely related. langue makes parole understandable, and parole is a necessary part of langue. Parole without langue, can only become meaningless sound pattern
13、. Langue without parole, can only express very limited ideas. In linguistics study, langue is the goal and parole is the tool. From the collection and analysis of parole, we could have an insight of the langue.,2.2: Synchronic and Diachronic,A) Synchronic linguistics is the study of language at a pa
14、rticular point in time. Diachronic linguistics is the study of the history or evolution of language. B) The defining difference between diachronic and synchronic linguistics study has to do with time. 1)all linguistic study prior to Saussure was diachronic. 2)synchronic linguistics studies language
15、in a fixed time period without reference to any other time period, either past or future.,2.2: Synchronic and Diachronic,Synchrony is a fiction, for language changes as the minutes pass and grammar-writing is a lengthy enterprise. However, the fiction of synchronic description is essential of lingui
16、stics (Fowler)If the signs of language had no changes, the distinction between Synchronic analyses and Diachronic analyses is meaningless.,2.3: Signified and Signifier,a) Semiology is the study of signs and signifying practices.Saussure argued that there was no inherent or necessary relationship between that which carries the meaning and the actual meaning which is carried . b) The signifier is the pointing finger, the word, the sound-image. A word is simply a jumble of letters.The signified is the concept, the meaning, the thing indicated by the signifier.,
