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1、An Introduction to Linguistics 语言学概论主讲人李二占 2009年9月1日,On This Course （关于本课程） Textbook Required: A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English Optional: Linguistics: A Course Book Grading：There will have one final exam and a number of homework assignments. Homework 30% Final Exam 70%,Cou
2、rse Schedule Week 1-2 Introduction (1) Week 3-4 Phonology (2) Week 5 Morphology (3) Week 6-7 Syntax (4) Week 8-9 Semantics (5) Week 10-11 Pragmatics (6),Week 12 Language Change (7) Week 13 Language, Society & Culture (8-9) Week 14 Language Acquisition (10) Week 15 Second Language Acquisition (11) We
3、ek 16 Language and Brain (12),Week 17-19 Review Week 20 Final Exam Office Hours 4:00-6:00 Wednesday Lecture 1 Introduction to Linguistics Teaching aims: 通过教学，使学生了解语言学定义、语言学研究对象与研究问题、语言研究中一些重要区分，掌握语言学,研究范围、语言基本定义以及语言的区别性特征，能应用语言和语言学的基本知识来描写、解释或解决一些语言现象或实际问题。 Teaching contents: (to see the Page v) All
4、ocation of time: 4 periods Teaching methods: lecture by teacher, oral questions and class discussion,Teaching procedure: 1 What is language? 1-1 Definitions of language Webster s New World Dictionary (P. 805) 1(a)human speech;(b) the ability to communicate by this means; (c) a system of vocal sounds
5、 and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is,attributed, used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings; (d) the written representation of such a system 2 (a) any means of expressing or communicating, as gestures, signs, or animal sounds; (b) a special set of symbols; lett
6、ers, numerals, rules etc. used for the transmission of information, as in a computer; .,Language is a tool for human communication. (Its function only, and there are other tools for communication. 语言基本工具论) Language is a set of rules. (There are other rule-governed systems. 语言结构系统论) Sapirs definition
7、: 工具论Halls definition: 社会制度论 Chomskys definition: 语言集合论,American anthropologist and linguist, and a leader in American structural linguistics. He was one of the creators of what is now called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. He is arguably the most influential figure in American linguistics, influencing
8、several generations of linguists across several schools of the discipline.,Edward Sapir (1884-1939) was a German-born,Noam Chomsky (1928-), founder of TG(P. 42), a revolution to structuralism.LAD- (P.145)-PPH-Universal GrammarST-EST-REST,语言生物进化论，语言文化形态论，语言行为方式论，语言社会共变论，语言先天能力论，语言行为功能论,语言认知能力论。 四种语言观
9、自足系统观，交际工具观，天赋能力观和文化语言观。代表人物分别是索绪尔、斯大林、乔姆斯基和洪堡特。,A generally accepted definition: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (1) The element system reflects the fact that language provides us with the framework for generating appropriate utterances rather than prov
10、ing us with an infinite store of ready-made utterances.,(2)Arbitrary means that between the signifier (sound) and the signified (concept), there is no natural, necessary or intrinsic connection. (3) Vocal means the most important medium of language is speech sound, not the written form. (4) Symbols
11、means something that represents something else, such as a drawing of a heart pierced by an arrow, standing for romantic love.,具体代表抽象，而语言则是抽象代表具体。 (5) Human means human-specific, different from animal communication systems. (6) Communication refers to the function of language.,1-2 Design featuresDesi
12、gn or defining means to give the distinguishing characteristics of or to differentiate. (to describe, to mark out, de+sign)Defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.,Charles Francis Hockett (January 17, 1916 - November 3, 2000) was an American
13、linguist who developed many influential ideas in American structuralism. He represents the post-Bloomfieldian phase of structuralism often referred to as distributionalism or taxonomic structuralism.,In his “Note on Structure” he argues that linguistics can be seen as a game and as a science. A ling
14、uist as player has a freedom for experimentation on all the utterances of a language, but no criterion to compare his analysis with other linguists. Late in his career, he was known for his stinging criticism of Chomskyan linguistics which he called a theory spawned by a generation of vipers.,Arbitr
15、ariness is synonymous with neither “conventional” nor the speakers free choice. It means the lack of natural, priori and logical relationship between the signifier and the signified. The converse of arbitrariness is non-arbitrariness, including motivation (理据性) and iconicity (象似性). （任意性、理据性和象似性及其相互关
16、系是当今语言研究的热点）,索绪尔首先把任意性看作语言事实和语言属性。他认为语言符号由音响形象和概念组成，即语言符号的语音和语义部分。他把前者叫做能指，后者叫做所指。他在普通语言学教程中解释了任意性的涵义: 能指和所指的联系是任意的，即语言是任意的，例如“姊妹”的观念在英语里同用来做它的能指的sister/sIst/这串声音没有任何内在的联系，它也可以用任何别的声音表示，就是说，为什么用sister而不用其他形式无道理可言。,Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913), Swiss, founder of structuralism, modern linguistics
17、, semiology.Course in General Linguistics, 1916,Productivity: Also calls creativity or recursiveness. It partly originates from duality. Because of duality the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistics units to from an infinite set of sentences, most of which we are never before produced or heard. Language is productive in another sense: its potential to produce endless sentences. He bought a book which was written by a teacher who taught in a school which was known for its graduates who,
