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1、词汇四种构成方式,制作人：英教11301万红芝,Three forms of words,Blending ( 单词的混合 ）Clipping （ 缩略词 ） Acronymy （首字母缩合词）Back-formation,. Blending,Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed in this way are called blends or pormanteau word .,For
2、 example, flush is the combination of fl and ush.,Blending is a very productive process and many coinages resulting from blending have become well-established.Moreover, they even serve as models fornew formations. Hamburger is a popular fast food originating from Germanseaport Hamburg. Later people
3、mistookit as a combination of ham + burger and coined such words by analogy(类推） as beefburger, cheeseburger, shrimpburger.,Four major groups of blends,1. head + tail autocide from (automobile + suicide) motel from ( motor + hotel ) chunnel from ( channel + tunne slurb from ( slum + suburb ),2. head
4、+ head,comsat from (communication + satellite )telex from (teleprinter + exchange )Amerind from ( American + Indian )sitcom from ( situation + comedy ),3. head + word,medicare from ( medical + care )Eurasia from ( Europe + Asia ) telequiz from ( telephone + quiz )autocamp from ( automobile + camp ),
5、4. word + tail,lunarnaut from ( lunar + astronaut ) bookmobile from ( book +automobile )workfare from ( work + welfare ) tourmobile from ( tour + automobile ),The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns; very fewer are verbs and adjectives are even fewer. The few verbs are: telecast from (televisi
6、on +broadcast ) guestimate from ( guess + estimate )breathalyse from (breath + analyse ).,The limited use of blends,Blends are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, andto newspapers and magazines. Thoughmany of them have already achieved currency in English, theyre stillconsidere
7、d to be slang and informal.Dont use such words too often,particular in formal writing.,.Clapping,Another common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called clipping. In modern times, people tend to be economical i
8、n writing and speech to keep up the tempo of the new life.,To save time, one is likely to clip words frequently used .,In school e.g. economics econ gymnastics gymmathematics mathtrigonometry trig,In catering business,e.g. luncheon lunch hamburger burgercoca cola cokein other aspectse.g. aeroplane p
9、lane earthquake quake,There are four common types of clipping,1. Front clipping earthquake quakehelicopter coptertelescope scopetelephone phone,2. Back clipping,memorandum memo ( 备忘录 ）discotheque disco （迪斯科舞厅）stereophonic stereo （立体声的）dormitory dormgentleman gent fanatic fan,3. Front and back clippi
10、ng,influenza flurefrigerator fridge (注意变化形式）4. Phrase clipping public house pubpopular music popzoological zoo,Tip for some exchanges of words,In some cases, clipping gives rise to alterations in spelling and pronunciations as indicated by fridge, in which the letter d Is inserted between I and g to
11、 conform the English ways of spelling and pronunciation. Here are more examples .,e.g. bicycle bikemicrophone mikecoca cola cokeperambulator pramtelevision tellyThis change in form and sound is possibly do to convenience and casualness in speech.,. Acronymy,Acronymy is the process of forming new wor
12、ds By joining the initial letter of name of social and Political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronymy, depending on the pronunciation of the words., Initialisms,Initialisms are words pronounced letter by Letter. In cas
13、e like A.D. , B.C. and C.O.D ( cash on delivery ), the letters are separated by periods ( 句号）, but most of them have no periods between letters.,1. Letters represent full words,VOA Voice of America BBC British Broadcasting CorporationUFO unidentified flying objectc/o care of p.c. postcard,2.Letters
14、represent constituents in a compound or just parts of a word,TV televisionID identification or identity cardTB tuberculosisGHQ General Headquaters （总指挥部）, Acronyms,Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.e.g. radio detecting and ranging radar Women Appointed fo
15、r VoluntaryEmergency WAVESMore examples are as follows:,CORE Congress of Racial Equality,NATO the North Atlantic Treaty Organization AIDS acquired immune deficiencysyndrome BASIC beginners all-purpose symbolic instruction code TEFL teaching English as a foreign language,Some acronyms are formed with
16、 the initial letter of the first word plus the whole of the second,N-bomb nuclear bombD-notice Defence Notice G-man Government manD Day decimalization dayV-Day Victory Day,Both initialisms and acronyms have become very popular since the Second World War and Thus extremely productive. This is justifi
17、ed by the number of such words collected in E.T. Growleys Acronyms and Initialisms Dictionary. The 1st edition which appeared in 1961 contains 12,000 entries; the 2nd edition that came out in 1965 lists 45,000 entries; the 3rd edition which was published in 1970 collects 80,000 entries, Almost twice the number of the second edition.,
