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1、An Introduction to Linguistics 语言学概论,About the courseLinguistics is a university course for English majors in their 3rd or 4th year and it involves many fields of research (e.g. psychology, sociology, philosophy), so its not surprising if you find it difficult at the beginning.Its a must for languag
2、e students to learn something about linguistics and very important for those who want to do further study after graduation.The course will be given mainly in English, but in Chinese when necessary.,A few requests:Attend the course regularly since its a compulsory course . Not an optional one. No abs
3、ence from class without reasonable reasons. Take notes, remember the terminal words and facts, and do the revision. Continuous assessment will be given for the course, so fulfill all the assignments satisfactorily including the “Further Reading” part at the back of the textbook (P.275-298).,A list o
4、f reference books:1.语言学教程 (英语版), 胡壮麟, 北京大学出版社。 2.语言学概论 王德春， 上海外语教育出版社。 3.现代英语语言学概论（英语版）戴炜栋, 上海外语教育出版社。 4.现代语言学何兆熊 梅德明，外语教学与研究出版社 5.简明英语语言学教程（英语版）戴炜栋等， 上海外语教育出版社 6.语言学和语言的应用 王宗炎，上海外语教育出版社 7.语言学 H.G.Widdowson， 上海外语教育出版社 8.语言学入门（英语版） Stuart C. Poole 外语教学与 研究出版社,Chapter 1Language and LinguisticsThe Natu
5、re of Language (P.1P.13) What is language?As human beings, we can feel the existence of language everywhere. However, very few of us know the true nature of language. There is remarkable uncertainty as how language really functions in human communication. Great efforts have been made to define the n
6、ature of language from different points of view (See the 4 ones on P.1).,Some additional ones: Language is the most frequently used and most highly developed form of human communication we possess. David Crystal语言是音义结合的词汇和语法的体系，是人类最重要的工具，是人类思维的工具，也是社会上传递信息的工具。 王德春,Unfortunately, a perfect and satisf
7、actory definition has yet to come. Despite the differences in their views, many linguists have agreed to accept the view that “Language is, in essence, a system of symbols designed for the purpose of human communication.” （就其本质而言，语言是人类以交际为目的而设计的一套符号系统）. They have come to a general agreement about th
8、e following important features that are typical of the nature of human languages.,The defining properties of human language (语言的特性)Design features（识别特征）: The possession of language most clearly distinguishes man from other animals. Human language has five features:1. Creativity（创造性）We all have the a
9、bility to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in our native languages. （在母语所规定的限制范围内，人可以在构词、造句、理解句子方面有着无限的创造力。）,2. Arbitrariness（任意性） Except thevery few onomatopoeic words (e.g. cuckoo, mew, bang, ding-dong, ping-pang),there is no necessary relationship between the sig
10、n/sound and what thesign/sound means (e.g. a dog, un chien, 狗 )（除了极少数拟声词之外，语言中大部 分的词与其所表示的意思之间都没有内在 的、必然的联系。完全是一种任意的选定.),3. Duality of structure (or double articulation)（结构的双重性）:This property is usually claimed to be unique to humans. Each human language is organized into two basic systems: a system
11、 of sounds and a system of meanings Higher level Language is a combination of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words).Lower level Language is a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning (such as letters, phonetic symbols.),(* Why is dua
12、lity regarded as an important feature of human language? Because: i. A far greater number of messages can be sent; ii. No animal communication possesses it. )4. Displacement（不受时空限制性） Human language can cope with any subject what ever, and it does not matter how far away the topic is in time and spac
13、e. （语言可以用来表达任何时间、任何地点的任何抽象或具体的人、事、物）.,5.Cultural transmission （文化传递特性/从头学的必要性） The details of the linguistic system must be learned anew from the beginning by each speaker. Without the environment of language and communication, language cant be acquired .（语言非遗传所得，人人都得从头学 起。没有语言 环境，没有交流环境，语言是无法习得的）.,
14、1.1.1 Language Is Systematic (P.2)- This property is usually claimed to be unique to humans. Each human language is organized into two basic systems: a system of sounds and a system of meanings. This is called the duality of language. - Human language operated on two levels of structure. At one leve
15、l, elements have no meaning themselves. They have meaning when combined to form units at another level. - In the meaning system, these units of meaning can be arranged in an infinitive number of ways to express both simple and complicated ideas.,A language offers its speaker the opportunity to talk
16、about anything. The number of words in a language is relatively finite but their possible combination can be infinite.The syntax of a language may deal with the ordering of words, which actually is the rules for the formation of sentences and parts of sentences such as phrases and clauses.(Have a lo
17、ok at the exercises at the back of this part on P. 3.),1.1.2 Language Is Symbolic (P.3-5)People use signs to communicate, which means that language involves signs. The way in which people communicate through signs and images, or the study of it is referred to as “semiology” or “semiotics”.Roland Barthes and others extend semiology to include complex cultural forms of communication such as painting, music, films, theatre, dance, clothing, advertising, architecture, literature, and even food.,
