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1、,必备知识梳理,方法规律技巧,课 时 作 业,I work in the shop. 我在商店上班。 on表示地点,一般指与面或线接触,意为“在上,在旁”。如: The picture is hanging on the wall. 这张画挂在墙上。 Nanjing is on the Changjiang River. 南京在长江边上。,2in,to,on用在方位名词前 in表示在范围之内的地方; to表示在范围之外的地方; on表示两地接壤。 Shanghai lies in the east of China and to the north of Guangdong. 上海位于中国东部
2、,广东北部。,3from,out of表来源 二者均表示来源或出处。from注重起点,意为“从”;out of侧重于从里向外,意为“从里出来”。如: The shouting of the soldiers drilling could be heard from the playground. 从操场上传来了士兵训练的呐喊声。 She took the passport out of her handbag and showed it to the policeman. 她从手提包里拿出了护照并把它出示给警察看。,2after,in 二者均表示在某一段时间后,但该时段的起点不同。 in加一段
3、时间表示以此时此刻为起点的将来一个时段之后,常与将来时态的谓语动词连用。如: My father will be back from abroad in three days. 三天后,我的父亲就会从国外回来。 I cannot see you now;come back in half an hour. 我现在不能见你;半小时后回来。,说明:(1)in the past意为“在过去”,与过去时态的谓语动词连用。 (2)in the past/last时段意为“在过去的中/内”,表示从现在算起过去的一段时间,包括此时此刻在内,常与现在完成时态连用。如: In the past,no villa
4、gers dared do that. 在过去,没有村民敢那样做。 In the past/last few years, great changes have taken place in this village. 在过去的几年里,这个村子发生了巨变。,(3)当旅行方式涉及确定特指的交通工具时,用on或in,名词前用冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。如:travel to New York in this plane,leave on an early train,go to school on my bike等。 说明:步行、骑马用on。 如:on foot,on horseback,o
5、n a horse等。,2.with,by,in三词均译为“用”,表示行为的工具、手段或方式 (1)with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前,其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。如: They are digging with spade. 他们在用铁锹挖地。 We see with our eyes,hear with our ears,and walk with our legs. 我们用眼睛看东西,用耳朵听事,用腿走路。,(2)by,in,on,over,through等多用于无形的工具或方式手段之前。如:by hand,in ink,on the telephone,over the
6、radio,through the telescope等。 You can order tickets by telephone. 你可以用电话订票。,说明:使用语言、原料,材料时用in表示。如:in English/Japanese,in blue ink等。 表达“用方法/式”时,所用介词分别为: in this/that/the same way by means of by this/that means with this/that method,(2)owing to与because of一样,也强调因果关系,作状语修饰整个句子,可放在句首或句末,用逗号隔开。 Our tradin
7、g connection has broken off owing to a disagreement over prices. 由于价格问题无法达成共识,我们的贸易关系中止了。 (3)due to引出造成后果的原因,在句中作表语、状语和定语。作状语时与owing to同义。 The failure of the scheme was due to bad management. 计划的失败是由于管理不善。,(4)on account of与because of,owing to同义,但语气较为正式。可作状语、表语,但不作定语。 The wall declined slightly on ac
8、count of the earthquake. 墙壁因地震而倾斜。 (5)thanks to只能用作状语,可以表示正面意思“幸亏”,也可用于讽刺口吻中(近于讽刺口吻的“感谢”)。 The play succeeded thanks to fine acting by all the cast. 由于全体演员的出色表演,那出戏才获得成功。 Thanks to the bad weather, the match had been cancelled. 多亏这倒霉天气,挺好的比赛取消了。,You cannot see Mr. Johnson at the moment, as he is wit
9、h the manager. 你此刻见不到约翰逊先生,他在经理那儿。 (2)表示两种事物之间的相应关系或齐头并进的意思。如: With time passing, they have grown into big boys and big girls. 随着时间的流逝,他们都长成小伙子和大姑娘了。 Times have changed and we must change with them. 时代变了,我们也要跟着变。,(3)表示“带有,带来,带走,携带”等表伴随。如: I have called with a message for Mrs. Thompson. 我有口信带给汤普森夫人。
10、The girl with dark hair and brown eyes is his sister. 那个黑发棕眼的女孩是他妹妹。 It is very stuffy in the room,with all the windows closed. 由于所有窗户都关着,屋子里非常闷。,(4)引导一个表示方式的状语的附加语。如: She lay back in the chair with her eyes closed. 她闭着眼睛背靠在椅子上坐着。 The stranger spoke with a foreign accent. 那个陌生人说话带外国口音。 (5)指原因或理由。如:
11、Hearing the news,she wept with anger. 听到这个消息,她气哭了。,2by的用法 (1)表示“不迟于(某时间)”。如: I have promised to have the work finished by the end of this week. 我已经答应本周末完成这项工作。 (2)表示“在期间”(一段指明的时间)。如: They decided to travel by night. 他们决定在夜里旅行。,(3)指人体或物体的某一部分。此人此物,句中前面的总述对此有较为明确的特指。如: He seized me by the arm. 他抓住我的胳膊
12、。 (4)表示“由于的结果”。如: He succeeded by hard work. 他由于努力工作而成功。,(5)含有“到程度,以幅度”的意思。如: This one is shorter than the other by three inches. 这一个比那一个短三英寸。 We lost the match by one goal. 以一分之差,我们输掉了那场比赛。,(6)表示买卖东西所用以计算的数或量,或付酬所用以计算的时间。如: Milk is sold by the pint, butter by the pound, and eggs by the dozen. 牛奶论品脱
13、卖,黄油论磅卖,蛋类论打卖。,(7)表示“按照;根据”。如: By my watch,the time is half past eleven. 按我的表,现在是十一点半。 By the expression on his face,he seemed to be displeased. 从他的面部表情来看,他似乎不高兴。 Its not fair to judge people by their appearances. 以貌取人是不公平的。,(8)表示“因而得到结果,凭着”。如: It was only by chance that I heard the news. 我只是偶然听到这个消
14、息。,(2)It is adj.for sb. to do sth. 当形容词是表示事物的客观属性的词汇时,用for。常见的形容词有important,necessary,possible,impossible等。如: It is quite important for us to protect our environment. 对我们来说,保护环境相当重要。,4in与on表示处于某种状态 表示状态时,in表示静态,后面常接含义为“喜悦,忧伤,危险,安全,健康,惊奇”等的抽象名词。如: A person with good manners never laughs at people whe
15、n they are in trouble. 有礼貌的人从不嘲笑身陷困境的人们。 They were living in terrible poverty. 他们生活在极度贫困中。 We found him dead in surprise. 我们惊奇地发现他死了。,on表示动态,指事物处于某种行动中或指主语从事某种活动。如: They are still on strike. 他们仍在罢工。 Mr.Smith is on a friendly visit to our country. 史密斯先生正在对我国进行友好访问。 He went to Hangzhou on business. 他到
16、杭州出差去了。 The goods are already on sale. 这些货物已上市。,apart from既可以表示besides,又可以表示except或者except for,还可以表示without的意思。 except从所提到的人或事物中除去,即从整体中除去一部分。 except for表示对整体主要部分的肯定和对局部的否定,起部分修正主体的作用。 Apart from/Except for some spelling mistakes, the composition is fairly good. 除了一些拼写错误,这篇文章写得很不错。,but在意思上相当于except,
17、但常用在不定代词或疑问代词的后面。如: Spring makes everything young again except man. 春天使万物重返青春,除了人之外。 Nobody but him could be so selfish. 除了他之外,谁也不会这么自私。,(1)以上比较了except,besides,but作介词的区别,另外,besides还可用作副词,意为“in addition;also;moreover;furthermore(而且,还有)”。如: I dont want to go;besides, I am too tired. 我不想去;再说我也太累了。 (2)用于否定句时,besides,except与but可相互替换。如: No other students passed the difficult math exam except/besides/but Lin Tao and Wu Dong. 除林涛和吴东外,其他的学生都没有通过那场很难的数学考试。,