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1、,American Literature,Lecturer: Diana Zhou,,Historical Overview,Colonial Period (1607-1765) 殖民时期 Enlightenment & the War of Independence (1765-1800)启蒙时期 Romantic Period（1800-1865）浪漫主义时期 Realistic Period (1865-1918) 现实主义时期 Modernism (1918-1945) 现代主义时期 Contemporary Literature (1945- ?) 当代文学,,Themes,Pur
2、itanism American Dream Freedom, Equal opportunity Human Nature & Original Sin Relationship between God and Human Social Crisis & Psychological Crisis .,,American Puritanism,Colonial settlement American Puritans: idealists restore the Church to the purity, religion as primary importance, Calvinism (o
3、riginal sin, the salvation of a selected few) Characters: Struggle for Survival-Preoccupied with profits; Practical; Austere, Rigid, Intolerant, Bigot, Killjoy, Ruthless, Pious Significance : compared with Confucianism Puritan Influence on Literature-Optimism, Symbolism, Simplicityidealism, Emerson,
4、 Thoreau, Whitman, Jamesa technique: Garden of Eden, Bradford, Emerson, Hawthorne, Melville, Howells,,Colonial Literature (1607-1765),Contemplations (9)I heard the merry grasshopper then sing,The black-clad cricket bear a second part;They kept one tune and played on the same string,Seeming to glory
5、in their little art.Shall creatures abject thus voices raiseAnd in their kind resound their Makers praise,Whilst I, as mute, can warble forth no higher lays?,Puritan Poets: Anne & Edward Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) search for a sense of mans nature and destiny and his mission in the new world,,Colon
6、ial Literature (1607-1765),Edward Taylor (1642-1729)HuswiferyMake me, O Lord, thy spinning wheel complete.Thy holy word my distaff make for me.Make mine affections thy swift flyers neat,And make my soul thy holy spool to be.My conversation make to be thy reel,And reel the yarn thereon spun of thy wh
7、eel.Baroque poet; the symbolic images speak for God in his Puritan eyes.,,Non-puritan Themes: Civil and religious freedom;American shaking off the fetters of British rule Literary Forms: Diary, history, journal, letter, travel book, sermon, etcRoger Williams(1603-1683) The Bloody Tenet of Persecutio
8、n for the Cause of Conscience (1644): fight for freedom and democracy John Woolman (1720-1772) Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes , A Plea for the Poor, Journal: Quaker, preacher of inward communication with God, the rights of all men, abolition of slavery system,Colonial Literature (1607
9、-1765),,Colonial Literature (1607-1765),Thomas Paine (1737-1809) Common Sense- Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; in its worst state an intolerable one.: a justification for their cause of independence & encouragement to the fighting peopleAmerican Crisis - The harder the c
10、onflict, the more glorious the triumph. a stimulus to further action with hope and confidence for the troops of WashingtonsThe Rights of Man The Age of Reason Philip Freneau (1752-1832)The Wild Honey Suckle- The space between, is but an hour,/ the frail duration of a flower. nationalism,,The Enlight
11、enment &America Independence,Eighteenth-century America (1)science deism: the best way to worship God is to study the natural and human world, and to do good things to mankind. Franklin(2)Calvinist beliefs: the Fall, sin, mans salvation, worship the Almighty. Edwards(3)War of Independence,,Jonathan
12、Edwards (1703-1758),Family Background: deism, religious idealism Life: minister of the church Beliefs: Calvinism: the power of God, the depravity of man Influence: reinstate Calvinist idea Works:The Freedom of the Will (1754)The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (1758)The Nature of True Virtue
13、 (1765),,Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790),Life 39 Works Poor Richards Almanac Lost time is never found again A penny saved is a penny earned God help them that help themselves The Autobiography: Content:Americans first self-made man; Puritan in self-examination & self-improvement, ethic of industriousn
14、ess,18th Century order, moderation, value,self-reliance Style: simplicity, directness, concision Declaration of Independence (collaborated with Thomas Jefferson ) enlightenment & reason,,Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790),And now I speak of thanking God, I desire with all humility to acknowledge that I o
15、we the mentioned happiness of my past life to His kind providence, which lead me to the means I used and gave them success. My belief of this induces me to hope, though I must not presume, that the same goodness will still be exercised toward me, in continuing that happiness, or enabling me to bear a fatal reverse, which I may experience as others have done: the complexion of my future fortune being known to Him only in whose power it is to bless to us even our afflictions. -The Autobiography,
