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1、Chapter 8 Pragmatics (1),Teaching Program,What is Pragmatics? The main branches of Pragmatics The nature of Pragmatics Meaning and Context Deixis (Deictic),1999年4月朱镕基在MIT演讲时说：1947年我在清华大学上学时，清华被称为中国的MIT。教科书大部分来自MIT我当时就憧憬有一天能来MIT学习，拿一个学位， 但是，校长先生请不要误会，我绝对不是要个荣誉的学位。如果我要学位，一定要经过考试，答辩。,A: 你不戴眼镜的时候很漂亮。 B:
2、 那我戴眼镜的时候很丑了。,What is pragmatics? Pragmatics is the study of how language is used to communicate within its situational context. 意会大于言传。语用学要解释为什么“意会大于言传”。找出其中的规律。找出语言运用的规律。,1.It deals with how speakers used language in ways which cannot be predicted from linguistic knowledge alone. 2. It deals with
3、how listeners arrive at the intended meaning of speakers. 3. It deals with the general principles followed by human beings when they communicate with one another.,Discussion Questions:1. Girl: Today is my birthday.Boy: 2. A: I could eat an ox. B: 3. A: Do you know what that word mean ?B: Dont you ha
4、ve a dictionary? 4. A: Can I help you?B: ,传统语言学感到棘手的一系列现象，如暗示，含蓄，修辞格等都可以通过语用理论得到解释。Pragmatics concerns all the aspects of meaning that cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and takes into account knowledge about the physical and social world. 1）A: I could eat an ox. B: Dinner will be rea
5、dy in a minute. 2）A: This is my only wife.B: 天长地久有时尽，此恨绵绵无绝期（白居易长恨歌）,2语用学是对语义学的补充和发展。如：逻辑连接词，话语小品词等不好解决。 Semantics and Pragmatics are complementary to each other. 1）A: How long have you known him?B: Well, I should say about 5 years. 2) A: How do you like this dress?B: Well, the color is nice.,3语用研究成
6、果帮助了功能主义者，反过来又促进了自身的发展。1）Peter bought a car. 2) It was Peter who bought a car. 3) It was a car that Peter bought. 4) What Peter bought was a car.,II. The main branches of Pragmatics: Cross-cultural pragmatics 跨文化语用学 Societal pragmatics 社会语用学 Cognitive pragmatics 认知语用学,1. Cross-cultural pragmatics 受文
7、化影响的社交语用现象：A: Your handwriting is really excellent. B: No, Oh, really? Thank you. Go to work happily, and come back safely. Good luck! Careful! Mind yourself!,2) Societal pragmatics 社会语用学 语言的使用与交际的场合，都要讲究语用。Guangzhou Restaurant -Eating in Guangzhou, we are Number One. (China Daily)Guangzhou Restaura
8、nt- if you had a chance to eat out in Guangzhou, it will be your first choice.,3. Cognitive pragmatics认知和交际关系的一系列问题。A: Do you want some coffee? B: Coffee would keep me awake.,III. The nature of Pragmatics1. Illustrates the fact when the sentences can not actually stated2. Illustrates the fact we can
9、 do things as well as say things.3. Illustrates the fact that the listeners can determine the effect of what is said.4. Illustrates the fact that a correct answer to a question is unnecessary.5. Illustrates the fact that speakers dont always mean exactly what they say.,I. What is its pragmatic meani
10、ng?A: You are a fool? B: What do you mean? 1) Speakers meaning ：verbal communication meaning.A. Can you tell me the time?B. Yes, I can.,2) Utterance meaning Even John likes Mary. 祥林嫂，你又来了。（鲁迅：祝福） Some of his novels are interesting. 3) Contextual meaning 语境义 A: Do you want some coffee? B: Coffee woul
11、d keep me awake.,语用学是一门科学地研究语言使用的学科。Pragmatics is the study of language use and linguistic communication. Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how utterances have meaning in situations.,Student: Is Prof. Plag in? Assisstant: Well, the lights are still on in his office. Student 1: So, did you li
12、ke my party? Student 2: Oh yes, it was great! (thinks: It was in fact dead boring),Pragmatics broadly defined:the study of language from the point of view of the users, especially of the choices they make, the constraints they encounter in using language in social interaction, and the effects their
13、use of language has on the other participants in an act of communication (Crystal 1997:301),语用学的崛起是语义研究的发展和延伸的结果，是对意义的研究。它所研究的不是抽象的、游离于语境之外的意义，而是语言在一定的语境中使用时体现出来的具体的意义。 语用学和语义学被视为语言系统两个不同的组成部分，既相互独立又相互补充。,Semantics Pragmatics relationships inside between lang. & the the language worldabstract concre
14、te, entity,II. Meaning and Context: 语用研究中的两个基本概念-意义和语境Leech: 语义语用都研究意义，但处于两个不同的层面。语义学研究的句子的意义时回答“X表达什么意义 ”的问题，语用学研究的话语意义时回答“你说X想表达什么意义”。,1Meaning: 语言文字本身固有的属性，内在的固定的，不受外界因素影响（时间，地点等）A dog here. 犬科哺乳动物。 语用不同：小心有狗。弄清句子意义，何时，何地，何种情况，有何目的。 It is cold in here. 目的：关窗，开暖气，借衣服(不存在字面上。),Leech : Meaning of Se
15、mantics1) 说话人要表达某种意义的愿望，这种意义可能在字面上表明，也可能不表明。2) 听话人对这种意义的理解可能要依赖语境。3) 意义是行为的结果，不存在于静态之中，它涉及作用（说话人对听话人的某种效果）和互动作用。,2. Context: Context can support a range of meanings. When a form is used in an eliminates the meanings possible to that context other than those the form can signal: the context eliminate
16、s from consideration the meanings possible to the form other than those the context can support. (Hymes, 1962),John is like a fish a) He swims well. b) He can drink a lot of bear. c) He is as cold as a fish.) He went to town yesterday. ( If the hearer has committed some crime, and he is an inspector
17、. It may mean: Be careful, you may be found out. ),A context is psychological construct, a subset of the hearers assumptions about the world. A context is not limited to information about the immediate physical environment or the immediately preceding utterances: expectations about the future, scientific hypotheses or religious beliefs, anecdotal memories, general cultural assumptions, beliefs about the mental state of the speaker, may all play a role in interpretation. (Sperber and Wilson 1995:15-6),
