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1、Scientific writing and presentation,Prof. Mark Bartlam College of Life Sciences, Nankai University E-mail: Tel: 23502351,Course outline,Lectures 3-6: Effective writing (I and II). “Clear thinking is the key to clear writing”; Rules of scientific writing; Managing your time effectively; Literature s
2、earch, review and citation; Refining and proofreading; Common errors to avoid.,Course outline,Lectures 3-6: Effective writing (I and II). “Clear thinking is the key to clear writing”; Rules of scientific writing; Managing your time effectively; Literature search, review and citation; Refining and pr
3、oofreading; Common errors to avoid.,“Clear thinking is the key to clear writing” “清晰的思路是写作的关键”,Think clearly about your research problem or question. Think clearly about your methods and experiments. Think clearly about the solution(s) to your research problem. Think clearly about the implications.
4、Think clearly about your audience.,Clear thinking,Literature search and review,Performing a comprehensive literature review is a big job.,Literature search and review,Need to handle a large amount of papers - notes, photocopies, electronic publications. Need a system in place to deal with all the in
5、formation.,Literature search and review,Why? To provide background on your research project. To understand what other people in your field have done. To effectively plan and design your research.,Literature search and review,Why? Important to properly and fully cite the appropriate literature in you
6、r field. Avoid scientific fraud.,Literature search and review,No system is most effective. Personal choice - choose the best system for YOU. Secret to effective scientific writing is in wanting to get the job done, committing yourself to getting it done. Having an effective system helps to keep that
7、 commitment on track.,Literature search and review,Use reference databases and abstracting services. Databases usually focus on a specific kind of document or field (agriculture, medicine.) e.g. PubMed (www.pubmed.gov) Web of Knowledge (),Literature search and review,“Mind your Ps and Qs” Ps: print
8、material Dont use print material (photocopies, etc.) as a substitute for taking notes Qs: quoted material Always write notes in your own words Indicate the source of material,Preliminary questions to ask about research design,1. Do I know what Im doing? Have I drawn up a plan for what I intend to do
9、? Do the proposed studies cover all the criticisms likely to be made? Are the statistical methods valid?,2. Do my proposed experiments meet acceped ethical standards? If my experiments involve humans or animals, do they meet accepted standards? Could my work negatively affect the environment or plac
10、e where Im doing field work?,3. What practical considerations need to be addressed? Is publication of my work likely to break any secrecy regulations? Could publication invalidate a later application for a patent?,4. How will I record the work as it proceeds? How will I record what I read? How will
11、I record what I do? How will I ensure my records are complete? How will I ensure that I can access my records again when I need them?,Most literature retrieval services are matchmakers. Can search a subject using keywords (chosen by authors). Must specify the same keyword (or part of it) that the au
12、thor has chosen.,Literature search and review,Literature search and review,Literature search and review,Literature search and review,Topic outline (concepts, keywords, etc.),Research sources (research summaries, books, journals, conference papers, dissertations, etc.),Identify new topics and authors
13、,Literature search as an iterative process:,Literature search and review,To improve searches, use Boolean logic to specify the relationships between search terms.,Literature search,Boolean logic: Describes three logical choices: I want this one AND that one I want this one OR that one I want this on
14、e but NOT that one,Literature search,e.g. comparative types of skin cancer: carcinoma AND melanoma retrieve all hits in which both types of cancer appear together carcinoma OR melanoma retrieve hits with either or both terms. carcinoma NOT melanoma retrieve hits with carcinoma only.,Literature searc
15、h,Plan an effective search strategy: How extensive do you want it to be? Do you want a broad list with references even slightly related to your topic? Do you want a few relevant references?,Literature search,Try to be specific. Searching for a broad term like ecology will give thousands of hits - to
16、o many to process! Narrow down the search using concepts or terms relevant to YOUR research question.,Literature search,Run a search using your initial set of terms. Are the hits relevant? If not, revise your search. Narrow the search by combining terms (using Boolean logic).,Literature search,Handle search results wisely. Always check and verify references before including them in your database. Make sure they are appropriate for YOUR research project.,
