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1、1,Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry,Department of Polymer Science and Materials Huaqiao University Xiamen, Fujian361021 China,Lin ChengE-mail: Cellphone: 15980768799,2,References,胡宏纹：有机化学，高等教育出版社, 1990 邢其毅：基础有机化学，高等教育出版社, 1993 John McMurry: Organic Chemistry, 8th Edition, 2010 T.W. GRAHAM SOLOMONS,
2、 CRAIG B. FRYHLE: Organic Chemistry, 10th, Edition, 2011 裴伟伟，冯骏材，有机化学例题与习题，高等教育出版社, 2002,3,CHAPTER 1, INTRODUCTION,Natural science, Life science, Medicine Materials science, Polymeric materials Fine chemicals, Chemical industry,Organic Chemistry:,4,Saccharin (1879) 3500 Times as Sweet as Sugar,5,Asp
3、irin,Ibuprofen,Fullerene,6,7,8,1.1 Concept Development of Organic Chemistry,1770, Organic and Inorganic, T. Bergman (Sweden) 1806, Organic Chemistry, J. Berzelius (柏则里)(Germany) 1828, Preparation of urea from ammonium cyanate (F. Wohler, Germany),Organic chemistry is the science of the compounds of
4、carbon,9,10,1.2 Structure and Bonding of Carbon,11,12,The CC s Bond in Ethane,Overlap is along internuclear axis to give a s bond.,13,14,15,Structure of Acetylene,16,17,2s,2p,sp hybrids,hybridization,2p,2p,N,C,18,allene,end view,Molecule has a twist in the center,sp2,sp2,sp,19,1.3 Bond Polarity and
5、Electronegativity,20,Classification of Chemical Bonds,21,22,23,24,1.4 Acids and Bases,2. The Lewis DefinitionA Lewis acid is a substance that accepts an electron pair and a Lewis base is a substance that donates an electron pair.,25,Equilibrium favors reaction of the stronger acid and stronger base
6、to give the weaker acid and weaker base,26,Quantitative Measures of Acid Strength,1. The equilibrium constant (Keq) for the reaction of an acid (HA) with water to form hydronium ion and the conjugate base (A-) is a measure related to the strength of the acid 2. Stronger acids have larger Keq 3. Note
7、 that brackets indicate concentration, moles per liter, M.,27,28,Organic Acids,Those that lose a proton from OH, such as methanol and acetic acid Those that lose a proton from CH, usually from a carbon atom next to a C=O double bond (O=CCH),29,Organic Bases,Have an atom with a lone pair of electrons
8、 that can bond to H+ -Nitrogen-containing compounds derived from ammonia are the most common organic bases -Oxygen-containing compounds can react as bases when with a strong acid or as acids with strong bases,30,31,32,33,34,Illustration of Curved Arrows in Following Lewis Acid-Base Reactions,The com
9、bination of a Lewis acid and a Lewis base can shown with a curved arrow from base to acid . A curved arrow shows that a pair of electrons moves from the atom or bond at the tail of the arrow to the atom or bond at the head of the arrow,35,1.5.1 Bond formation,Most organic reactions take place betwee
10、n nucleophiles and electrophiles, where the nucleophilic center of the nucleophile forms a bond to the electrophilic center of the electrophile.,1.5.2 Classification of reactions,Reactions can be classified as acid / base reactions, functional group transformations or as carbon-carbon bond formation
11、s. Reactions can also be classified according to the process or mechanism taking place and these are specific for particular functional groups.,1.5 Reaction and Mechanisms,36,1.5.3 Mechanisms,A mechanism describes how a reaction takes place by showing what is happening to valence electrons during th
12、e formation and breaking of bonds.,Movement of a pair of electrons,Movement of one electron,37,*Drawing a Curved Arrow from the source of electrons to the destination of electrons,R. Robinson,incorrect notation,Correct notation,38,1.6 Functional Groups,39,*The chemistry of every organic molecules, regardless of size and complexity, is determined by the functional group it contains.,
