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1、1 高中英语语法通霸1. 句子结构成分分析主语谓语宾语定语状语补语定语2 英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为： 主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“ 表语” 和“ 同位语 ” 的说法。但表语和系动 词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语， 属于主语或宾语的一部分。考点1. 划分句子成分时的常用符号英语中划分句子成分的符号主语在下面画直线谓语在下面画曲线宾语在下面画双横线定语在下面画虚线 （一行点使我们想到一排钉子，“ 钉” 谐音为 “ 定语” 的“ 定” ）状语下面为短横线（短横线使我们想到短木桩，木桩撞
2、（状）钟）补语上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙）同位语上下双曲线（都有曲折，上下位置基本相同）考点1. 主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构： 1. 名词2. 代词3. 数词 4. 不定式5. 动名词6. 主语从句等表示。 7. 名词化的形容词（如the rich）在英语中，形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。如果它们在句首时，句子可能 是倒装句，真正的主语在后面。On the desk are somebooks. (主语是 books，所以用 are) Down jumps the boy. (主语是
3、the boy，所以用 jumps ) Gone are the days . (主语是 the days ，所以用 are) 练习1. 在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2. We often speak English in class. 3. One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4. To swim in the river is a great pleas
4、ure. 5. Smoking does harm to the health. 6. The rich should help the poor. 7. When we are going to have English test has not been decided. 8. It is necessary to master a foreign language. 9. That he isnt at home is not true.10.There comes the bus. 11.Beyond the village lies a small village. 12.Now c
5、omes your turn. 3 考点2. 谓语谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：A. 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. He readsnewspapers every day. B. 复合谓语： 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there. I have been waiting for you
6、 all the time. I would stay at home all day. Has he come back? He didnt attend the meeting yesterday. 由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如： We are student s. Your idea sounds great.考点3. 表语表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、 特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如 be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定 式、动名词、介词短语、
7、副词及表语从句表示。练习2. 画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。1. Our teacher of English is an American. 2. Is it yours? 3. The weather has turned cold. 4. The speech is exciting. 5. Three times seven is twenty-one. 6. His job is to teach English. 7. His hobby（爱好） is playing football. 8. The machine must be under repairs. 9. Th
8、e truth is that he has never been abroad. 考点4. 宾语宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为 动词宾语 和介词宾语 。练习3. 画出下列句中的宾语 , 并说明由什么充当。1. They planted many trees yesterday. 2.(How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. 3. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 4. I wanted to buy a car.
9、4 5. I enjoy listening to popular music. 6. I think（that）he is fit for his office. 考点5.宾语补足语宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相 当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词 （如 make等）+宾语+宾补。 宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。练习4.用下划线画出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体 会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。1. His father named him Dongming. 2. They painted
10、 their boat white. 3. Let the fresh air in. 4. You mustn t force him to lend his money to you. 5. We saw her entering the room. 6. We found everything in the lab in good order. 7. We will soon make our city what your city is now. 8. I want your homework done on time. 考点6.主补对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾
11、语作主语时， 原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。He was elected monitor. She was foundsinging in thenextroom. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.考点7.定语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用 “ 的” 表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。在英语中， 许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不 同， 也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。定语后置常见的有以下几种情况：A.副词用作定语一般要后置。People there are very friend
12、ly. (那儿的人们 ) He didn t like the man downstairs . （楼下的那个人）B.形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修 饰词之后。5 The next man is a scientist. The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）C.介词短语作定语时要后置。The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩） The tallest boy in our class is John. （我们班最高的那个男孩）D.现在
13、分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话 ) The boy crying over there is my classmate. （在那边哭的那个男孩） The house built last year is impressive. （去年建的那座房子）练习5.口头翻译下列句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并 说明定语是由什么词性或结构充当。1. The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu. 2. The woman with a baby in her arms is h
14、is mother. 3. We need a place twice larger than this one. 4. She carried a basket full of eggs. 5. It s a book worth no more than one dollar.6. It s a city far from the coast.7. He has money enough to buy a car. 8. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 9. There are lots of places of interest needi
15、ng repairing in our city. 10.Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat. 11.A boy calling himself John wanted to see you. 12.He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home. 13.There are many clothes to be washed. 14.Most of the singers invited to the party were from America
16、. 15.Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team. 考点8.状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分， 叫作状语。He writes carefully. He walks slowly. (认真地写，慢 慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语) This material isenvironmentally friendly. （修饰形容词用副词，作状语）6 He runs very slowly. （修饰副词 slowly, 因此 very 是副词，作状语）Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修饰整个句子用副词，作状语）A.几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式地点时间一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点时间。 如：I found a lost pen outside our school yesterdaymor
