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1、Ch. 50 Introduction to Ecology,What is ecology?,Ecology The study of how organisms interact with their environment,Ecology The study of how organisms interact with their environment,Why is ecology important?,Why is understanding ecology important: Earth is a finite place with limited resources Under
2、standing the processes that govern our resources - descriptive observation - experimental manipulations Ecology shapes selection and evolutionary divergence,Environment has two components: (Pg. 1093) 1) Abiotic nonliving chemical and physical factors 2) Biotic livings factors (the other organisms in
3、 an organisms environment),Ecological time vs. Evolutionary Time: Ecological time minutes, months, years Evolutionary time decades, centuries, millennia, and longer,Ecology is the INTERACTION of organism and environment,Levels of Study in Ecology: (Pg. 1093-1094) Organismal Ecology concerned with th
4、e behavioral, physiological, and morphological ways in which individual organisms meet the challenges posed by their abiotic environment Population Ecology concerned with factors that affect population size and composition Community Ecology concerned with how interactions among different organisms i
5、nfluences community structure and organization community all the organisms that inhabit a particular area,Levels of Study in Ecology: (Pg. 1027-1028) 4) Ecosystem Ecology concerned with all the abiotic factors in addition to the community of species in a certain area addresses questions like: how do
6、es energy flow among various biotic and abiotic components 5) Landscape Ecology deals with arrays of ecosystems and how they are arranged in a geographic region,Abiotic factors of the biosphere (Pg. 1095) Biosphere the global ecosystem or the sum of all the planets ecosystems or all of life and wher
7、e it lives.,What factors are important in the global distribution of organisms?,Pg.1096,Hierarchical Scale of Distributions,Abiotic factors are important in the global distribution of organisms,Major Abiotic Factors: (Pg. 1100) 1) Temperature (body temp regulation) 2) Water (essential for life; thre
8、at of dessication),Temperate Rainforest,Biome a major type of ecosystem,Temperate Rainforest,Major Abiotic Factors: (Pg. 1100) 1) Temperature (body temp regulation) 2) Water (essential for life; threat of dessication) 3) Sunlight (Photosynthesis; Cover) 4) Wind (Temperature; Evaporation) 5) Rocks an
9、d Soil (dist. of plants/animals) 6) Periodic Disturbances (Fires, Tornados, etc),Major Abiotic Factors: (Pg. 1101) 1) Temperature (body temp regulation) 2) Water (essential for life; threat of dessication) 3) Sunlight (Photosynthesis; Cover) 4) Wind (Temperature; Evaporation),The 4 major components
10、of Climate,Global Climate Patterns: (Pg. 1101-1106),Global climate depends on Solar Radiation,Less light absorbed,More light absorbed,Can seasons influence organisms? If so, How?,Can seasons influence organisms? YES Why do we have seasons?,Pg. 1102,Fall,Winter,Spring,Summer,Northern Hemisphere,close
11、,far,Solar Radiation = seasons and temp,Less light absorbed,More light absorbed,Rain and wind,Pg. 1103,Earth,Cloud,Less Dense & cooling = Rains,More Dense & warming = Absorbs,Earth,Cloud,Less Dense = Rains,More Dense = Absorbs,Warm,Cold,Warm air rises,Start cooling,Air Temp,Rain and wind,Pg. 1103,Pg
12、.1103,Desert water is being absorbed,Consequence of solar radiation!,3 major air circulation cells on each side of equator,Local and Seasonal Effects of Climate (Pg1102),Rain Shadow,Lake stratification and seasonal turnover (Pg 1104),O2 rich,Nutrient rich,Aquatic Biomes: (Pg. 1103-1112),Know Bold te
13、rms: 1106-1108,(shallow; rooted plants),(substrate),Communities here called “Benthos”,detritus,3 types of lakes: (Pg. 1107) 1) Oligotrophic deep, nutrient poor lake 2) Eutrophic shallow, nutrient rich lake 3) Mesotrophic moderate depth and nutrient content,Wetland,Estuary,Pg. 1108-1109,Marine Zonati
14、on (Pg.1109-1111),(land/water),(over shelf),Open water,Know terms,Types of Aquatic Biomes:,Oligotrophic Lake,Eutrophic Lake,Intertidal Coral Reef,Terrestrial Biomes based mostly on Climate (Pg. 1112-1117),How organisms interact with their environment,Homeostasis ?,Homeostasis the steady state physio
15、logical condition of a body,Maintenance of body temperature,Maintenance of body temperature Regulators actively maintain Conformers environment dependent,To regulate or to conform? A matter of costs and benefits,Conformers more likely in stable environments,Conformer,Environment Dependent,To regulat
16、e or to conform? A matter of costs and benefits The Principle of Allocation- States that an organism has a finite amount of energy to use in different functions,Ex. 100 J of energy per day Costs: 40 J to forage 50 J to Mate 50 J for thermoregulation 20 J to avoid predators Can not exceed 100 J; SO, cant do all in 1 day,Short and long term responses to environmental variation Ecological time (short term) = how questions = proximate questions Evolutionary time (long term) why questions = ultimate questions,
