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1、Functions of language,What does “function of language” mean? What are the functions of language, in your opinion? Jakobsons view of the functions of language (Prague school structuralists): language is above all, as any semiotic system, for communication. We study language as a science so we mention
2、 its function according to a principle. Here the function is not the social function only.,Functions of language,Six primary factors of any speech event: speaker, addressee, context, message, code, contact. Jakobsons well-known framework of language functions based on the six key elements of communi
3、cation: Referential: to convey message and information Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions,Functions of language,Conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties) Phatic: to establish communion with others Met
4、alingual function: to clear up intentions, words and meanings. eg.We say make is a verb and he is a pronoun. They correspond to such communication elements as context, message, addresser, addressee, contact and code.,Functions of language,Context referential,Addresser Emotive e.g. intonation showing
5、 anger,Message Poetic e.g. poetry,Addressee Conative e.g. Imperatives and vocatives,Contact Phatic Hello, did you hear me?,Code Metalingual e.g. Let me make it brief.,Functions of language,Hallidays metalfunctions of language: Ideational: Language constructs a model of experience and constructs logi
6、cal relations Interpersonal: Language enacts/represent social relationships Textual : Language creates relevance to context.,Functions of language,Ideational: language is used to tell something, characterized by the use of declarative sentences. Informative statements are often labeled as true or fa
7、lse. Ive got something to tell you. Professor Zhang has been a visiting scholar in England.,Functions of language,Interpersonal function is the most important sociological use of language. People use the interpersonal function of language to establish and maintain their status in a society. In the f
8、ramework of functional grammar, this function is concerned with interaction between the addresser and addressee in the discourse situation and the addressers attitude toward what he speaks or writes about. Xiao Wang, Liu sir, Mr. Liu, 小伙子, 小乖乖,Functions of language,The interpersonal function is such
9、 a broad category that it is often discussed under various other terms as in the following performative, emotive, expressive and phatic funtion of language. They seem to emphasize different aspects of the interpersonal function.,Functions of language,Phatic: establishing an atmosphere or maintaining
10、 social contact. Directive: get the hearer to do something. Informative: give information about facts. Interrogative: get information from others. Expressive: express feelings and attitudes of the speaker. Evocative: create certain feelings in the hearer (amuse, startle, soothe, worry or please) Per
11、formative: language is used to do things, to perform actions.,Functions of language,Three main functions The descriptive function, the expressive function and the social function The descriptive function, also referred to as the cognitive, or referential, propositional function, is the primary funct
12、ion, which is to convey factual information. The expressive function, or emotive or attitudinal function is to supply information about the users feelings, preferences, prejudices, and values. The social function, or the interpersonal function, serves to establish and maintain social relations between people.,The origin of language,The divine-origin theory Language is a gift of God to mankind. The invention theory Imitative, cries of nature, the grunts of men working together. The evolutionary theory The result of physical and psychological development.,
