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1、汉英篇章衔接手段和连贯手段的对比,A contrastive study of cohesive devices and coherent devices in English and Chinese texts,篇章,篇章是表达整体概念的语义单位。它在一定的情景中产生，提供作者想传达的信息，各成分之间有语言手段将其衔接在一起，成为语义连贯的整体，为交际的受者所接受。 衔接性和连贯性是篇章最重要的特征。,cohere, Lat. co- + haere (cling), to stick or held together, and to have internal elements or pa
2、rts logically connected so that aesthetic consistency results.,Cohesion & Coherence,Both constructs represent how words, constituents, and ideas conveyed in a text are connected. Cohesion deals with the connectedness between elements at low levels of text, that is, among sentence elements, and claus
3、es normally within a paragraph. Text cohesion models text in terms of relations between words or referring expressions to help determine how tightly connected the text is. Coherence expresses the continuity that exists between one part of text and another and the overall relation of all parts. Text
4、coherence displays text in terms of macro level relations between clauses or sentences to help determine the overall structure of the text.,The topic of cohesionhas always appeared to me the most useful constituent of discourse analysis or text linguistics applicable to translation.” （Newmark, 1987：
5、295）,Cohesive devices,语法衔接（grammatical cohesion）： 指称 /照应(reference) 替代（substitution） 省略（ellipsis） 连接/关联（conjunction）词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）： 复现关系(reiteration) 同现关系(collocation) -Halliday & Hasan: Cohesion in English, 1976.,指称关系 Reference,Reference is defined as a case where the information to be retr
6、ieved is the referential meaning, the identity of the particular thing or class of things that is being referred to. 指称关系指指词与所指对象之间的语义关系，用代词等语法关系表示。人称指称（personal reference）：人称指称关系的指称词一般为第三人称代词，如，him、his、everybody等； 指示指称（demonstrative reference）：指示指称词包括this、that、these、those之类的指示代词以及定冠词the 和such a一类的词
7、，也包括here、there、now、then等地点指示词和时间指示词； 比较指称关系（comparative reference）：比较指称关系中的比较通常可以通过一些具有比较意义的词语如same、as、equal、such、similar、different、other、else等来实现。,替代 Substitution,In substitution, an item is replaced by another item. 替代指的是用替代形式去指上下文所出现的成分。名词性替代（nominal substitution）：指用替代词one, ones, the same来取代名词或名词
8、短语;动词性替代（verbal substitution）：指的是用动词替代词通常是do的一定形式去替代动词或动词短语；分句性替代（clausal substitution）：指用替代词主要有so和not去取代分句。,省略 Ellipsis,Ellipsis involves the omission of an item. It is the “substitution by zero”. In other words, in ellipsis, an item is replaced by nothing. 省略指篇章中句子或小句中一些基本结构成分的缺省。省略包括名词型省略(Nominal
9、 substitution)、动词型省略(Verbal ellipsis)和小句型省略(Clausal ellipsis)。,连接 Conjunction,Conjunction is a relationship indicating how the subsequent sentence or clause should be linked to the preceding or the following sentence or part of a sentence. Conjunction involves the use of formal markers, that is, con
10、junctions, to relate sentences, clauses to each other. 连接指用连词、副词、或词组（短语）把两个命题联系起来的手段。,词汇衔接 Lexical cohesion,Lexical cohesion deals with connections based on the words used. It is achieved by selection of vocabulary, using semantically close items. There are two types of lexical cohesion: reiteration
11、 and collocation. 词汇衔接指篇章中的词汇之间存在着的语义联系，通过原词的重复、同义、近义、反义、上下义和整体与部分等关系来实现，可归纳为词的反复和搭配两大类。,Any differences in terms of cohesive devices used in Chinese and English texts？,汉语没有定冠词,而英语可用定冠词;英语代词用得多，汉语代词用得少;英语人称代词以及相应的限定词的使用率也大大高于汉语。汉译英时，要在适当的地方增加定冠词和代词，特别是物主代词、人称代词。 汉语往往可以不用连接词语了表示句间或句内语义关系，依靠句子之间或句内各部分
12、之间的内在逻辑关系达到连结目的，汉语中短语与小句(单句)之间，(复句的)小句与句子之间，句子与更大的单位句群之间，界限也不是截然分明的，而英语中，连接词是使用最频繁的衔接手段。汉译英时则要适当增加关联词语，把原文的这种内在联系揭示出来，以避免句子结构松散或脱节。 汉语倾向于用重复手段，英语倾向于用替代手段。汉译英中必要的时候要避免重复，多用代词或其它的形式替代。 汉语中最常见的省略是主语的省略，谓语的省略则较少，而英语句子一般不能省略主语，会话英语中省略谓语的现象较多。汉译英时要恰当地添加主语，注意译文句子结构的完整。,汉英两种语言的部分语篇衔接手段在使用上各有偏重。,Discussion:,
13、Comment on two students translation: whose is better in achieving the cohesion of a text?,Coherence devices,Unlike cohesion, coherence refers to the overall sense of unity in a passage. The sense is in turn fulfilled through a certain structure, organization or pattern with a guiding topic or theme.
14、 Though it is not so easy to identify as cohesion, it will, after all, be embodied and detected through some devices like text markers, lexical coherence, and text pattern, etc.,Text markers as coherence device indicate the relationship between different parts of text in the same way cohesive conjun
15、ction signals cohesion. They usually involve the use of conjunctions as well. Lexical coherence refers to the role played by the selection of vocabulary in organizing relations on the text level. Compared with lexical cohesion, lexical coherence contributes to textual unity in a similar way but work
16、 at rather global levels. The topical pattern involves the dividing of a topic into its components or logical parts and each component represents a main section of information. Five patterns of organization are chronological, spatial, compare-and-contrast, advantage-disadvantage, cause-effect, problem-solution.,Tendencies in terms of coherence,汉语： 意合 信息纷杂 “画龙点睛” 逻辑关系松散 先因后果,英语： 形合 信息清晰易懂 “开门见山” 逻辑关系严谨 先果后因,篇章的连贯性也是篇章内聚力的体现。它一方面通过篇章标示词如连词和副词来取得，更重要的一方面则取决于各概念或命题之间与主题的语义逻辑上的联系。翻译时除充分利用篇章标示词外，还要特别注意吃透原文，理顺文字底层的联系，译于字里行间，并且要充分注意两种语言在谋篇布局方面的差异，努力再现原文语义结构上的连贯性。,
