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1、,机械挖土施工工艺,Mechanical digging - construction technology,Mechanical digging,This technology todetail content suitable for industrial and civil buildings, structures of large Foundation pit (slots), trench and the large area of flat space and other earthworks,溪洛渡电站大坝基坑开挖,沟槽开挖,Major machine,Earthmoving
2、machinery: Excavators, bulldozers, scrapers, dump truck, etc,Major machine,General tools: Spade (pointed and flat), trolleys, small white lines or20# Wire and2mSlope and foot steel tape, and so on.一般机具有：铁锹（尖、平头两种）、手推车、小白线或20号铅丝和钢卷尺以及坡度尺等,Operational conditions 作业条件,1.将施工区域内的地下、地上障碍物清除 1.obstructions
3、 in the construction area of underground and the ground, cleared and processed,2.建筑物或构筑物的位置或场地的定位控制线（桩） 2.Location of a building or structure or site positioning of the line of control (piles) gray line size of the level and slotted to go through inspection,3.夜间施工时，应有足够的照明设施 3.Construction at night
4、time, there should be adequate lighting facilities,Operational conditions 作业条件,5.开挖有地下水位的基坑槽、管沟时，应根据当地工程地质资料，采取措施降低地下水位 5. When excavation of Foundation pit and trench in the groundwater, should be based on the local geological data in engineering and take measures to reduce the ground water level,P
5、rocess flow 工艺流程,Determine slope excavation sequence and grade 确定开挖的顺序和坡度,The average dig under subsection and layering分段分层平均下挖,Cleaning side and bottom. 修边和清底,The gradient determines 坡度的确定,Dense, medium dense sand or gravel type soil (for sand filling)-10m密实、中密的砂土和碎石类土（充填物为砂土）一1.0rn.,Hard plastic,
6、plastic light loam and loam-125m硬塑、可塑的粘质粉土及粉质粘土一1.25m,Hard plastic, plastic clay and gravel type soil (filling clay)-1. 5m硬塑、可塑的粘土和碎石类土（充填物为粘性土）1.5m.,Hard clay-20m坚硬性粘土一2.0m.,当挖土深度不超过这些数值规定时，可不放坡，不加支撑.,开挖基坑（槽）或管沟时，应合理确定开挖顺序、路线及开挖深度 When excavation of Foundation pit (slots) or trench should reasonabl
7、y determine the route and excavation depth of excavation sequence, and segment and heirarchical dug under the average.,超过上述规定深度，在5m以内时，当土具有天然湿度、构造均匀、水文地质条件好，且无地下水，不加支撑的基坑（槽）和管沟，必须放坡。 Over this depth,when between 5m, when the Earth has a natural humidity,constructed evenly, good hydro-geological cond
8、ition, without groun.,采用反铲、拉铲挖土机开挖基坑（槽）或管沟时，其施工方法有两种 Used backhoe, when backhoe excavator excavation pit (slots) or channel, there are two methods of its construction:,Lateral excavation method 侧向挖土法,End dig law 端头挖土法,挖土机从基坑（槽）或管沟的端头以倒退行驶的方法进行开挖。自卸汽车配置在挖土机的两侧装运土,挖土机一面沿着基坑（槽）或管沟的一侧移动，自卸汽车在另一侧装运土,Proc
9、ess flow 工艺流程,Determine slope excavation sequence and grade 确定开挖的顺序和坡度,The average dig under subsection and layering分段分层平均下挖,Cleaning side and bottom. 修边和清底,Earthwork excavation should be layered section from top to bottom in turn. At any time to finish a certain slope, and drain 土方开挖宜从上到下分层分段依次进行。随
10、时作成一定坡势，以利泄水,在开挖过程中，应随时检查槽壁和边坡的状态。深度大于1.5m时，根据土质变化情况，应做好基坑（槽）或管沟的支撑准备，以防坍陷 In the process of excavation, should check the status of the tank wall and slope at any time. When the pit and trench depth is greater than1. 5m, according to soil conditions, should be ready for the support to avoid collapse
11、,In case of Earth-movingmachinery construction can not take, should conform to the labor ready for mining and carts shipped to earth-moving machinery digging to place, in time for poaching在机械施工挖不到的土方，应配合人工随时进行挖掘，并用手推车把土运到机械挖到的地方，以便及时用机械挖走,Process flow 工艺流程,Determine slope excavation sequence and gra
12、de 确定开挖的顺序和坡度,The average dig under subsection and layering分段分层平均下挖,Cleaning side and bottom. 修边和清底,After bottom repair and clean and conduct the quality inspection and acceptance槽底修理铲平后，进行质量检查验收 The excavation of Foundation pit (slot) of earthworks, when there is a conditions to stack at thesite,mu
13、st be sufficient backfill of good soil;Excess earthworks should be removed to avoid second handling.开挖基坑（槽）的土方，在场地有条件堆放时，一定留足回填需用的好土；多余的土方，应一次运走，避免二次搬运,Rain, winter 雨、冬期施工,Earth excavation should not be carried out during the rainy season, or work surfaces should not be too large, should be piecemea
14、l, case-by-phased.土方开挖一般不宜在雨季进行，否则工作面不宜过大，应逐段、逐片分期完成。,Quality standards 保证项目,Column base, Foundation, Foundation trench, trench and place the base clay soil must comply with the design requirements and prohibit disturbance。 柱基、基坑、基槽、管沟和场地的基土土质必须符合设计要求，并严禁扰动,Finished product protection 成品保护,On the re
15、gistration standard pile, the axis approach, a standard benchmark, Dragon door, dug earth-moving collision shall not, nor shall rest on Dragon door,对定位标准桩、轴线引桩、标准水准点、龙门板等，挖运土时不得撞碰、也不得在龙门板上休息,Quality issues should be paid attention 质量注意事项,1. Overdig foundation 基底超挖 2. Basal unprotected 基底未保护 3. Construction sequence unreasonable施工顺序不合理 4. Sinking of construction machinery施工机械下沉 5. Excavation size is not enough slope too steep 开挖尺寸不足，边坡过陡,谢谢欣赏,
