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1、句 子 的 成 分 & 5 种 基 本 句 型,英语句子的基本成分有七种：_和_,主语 (subject),谓语 (predicate),表语 (predicative),宾语 (object),定语 (attribute),状语 (adverbial),补语 (complement),主语 - 全句的主题,是谓语讲述的对象,或是谓语的施行者。名词,代词,动词不定式,动名词和从句可充当主语。主语一般在句首。,代词 We work in a big factory. 名词 The classroom is very big. 数词 Three are enough. 三个人就够了。 动名词 Re
2、ading is useful. 不定式 To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 从句 What we need is food. 我们需要的是食物。, “There be ”句型中,主语在 be 动词之后。 There are some bottles of milk in the box., 在个别句型中，It 在句首作形式主语,真正的主语在整个句子的后半部:,It is our duty to protect the environment.,Its a pity that he didnt come.,谓语 -由动词或动词短语构成，有时态和语态的变化，必须和主语在“人称
3、”和“数”两方面一致。一般在主语之后,说明主语“做什么”,“是什么”或“怎么样”。,主语和谓语是句子的主体部分，在英语中,一般句子必须有主语和谓语。,They are teachers. She looks well. Mr. Potts was laughed at by his colleagues. He can speak English.,表语 - 位于系动词谓语之后,说明主语是什么, 或怎么样; 由名词, 形容词, 副词, 介词短语, 不定式, 动名词, 或 从句充当。,形容词 You look younger than before. 名词 My father is a teac
4、her. 副词 Everyone is here. 介词短语 They are at the theatre. 不定式 My hope is to travel around the world. 动名词 Her job is training the nurses.,宾语 -是行动的对象, 是动作的承受者;和谓语(及物动词)一起说明主语做了什么;通常在谓语之后;由名词或代词及其短语, 不定式，动名词以及从句充当。,名词 She plays the piano every day. 代词 He often helps me. 动名词 The boy admitted making a mist
5、ake. 不定式 She likes to have a rest this afternoon. 从句 I think that he is a good guy.,直接宾语和间接宾语有些及物动词后面要跟2个宾语,分为直接宾语和间接宾语;直接宾语多为物,间接宾语多为人，表明动作是对谁做的。,We brought them some food.主 谓 间宾 直宾,He showed me how to run the machine.主 谓 间宾 直宾,若先说直接宾语(物),后说间接宾语(人),必须 借助介词 to 或 for： We bought some food for them. He
6、 showed how to run the machine to us.,宾语补足语 -有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思, 还必须在宾语后加上宾语补足语, 句意才完整。宾补补充说明宾语干什么, 或处于何种状态。名词, 形容词, 副词, 介词短语, 不定式, 现在分词和过去分词可充当宾补。,形容词 Leave the door open. 副词 We found John out when we arrived. 介词短语 Make yourself at home. 省略to的不定式 I saw him enter the hall. 现在分词 The boss keeps them w
7、orking all day. 过去分词 I heard my name called.,英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型, 及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。,掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,一. S + V 主 + 谓 二. S + V + P 主 + 系 + 表 三. S + V + O 主 + 谓 + 宾 四. S +V+ IO + O 主 + 谓 + 间宾(人) + 直宾(物) 五. S + V + O + C 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补,基本句型一：S + V （主谓）,此句型的特点：句子的谓语动词能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词(vi.), 后面可
8、以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。但不可跟宾语。,S V （V - vi.）,1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said doesnt matter. 他的话无关紧要。 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly,基本句型二： S + V + P （主系表）,此句型的特点：句子的谓语动词不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语，构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。,系动词： 1. 表示特征或状态: be，look，smell，taste，
9、sound，feel等感官动词；seem，appear，turn out (结果是,证明是), 以及 keep，remain， continue，stay 等表示保持状态。 2. 表变化：get， grow， turn， become， fall，go， come， run等。,S V (系动词) P (表语),1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner smells good. 3. He fell asleep. 4. Everything looks different. 5. He is growing tall an
10、d strong. 6. Our well has gone dry. 7. His face turned red.,* There be 结构： 表示“客观存在”。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词 “there 那里” 混淆。 There be + 名词，表示 “某事物存在于”,试比较：There is a boy there. 那儿有一个男孩。前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词 那里。,基本句型三： S + V + O （主谓宾）,此句型的特点：谓语动词具有实义，是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物
11、动词, 其后必须直接跟宾语。,S V（V- vt.） O（宾语）,1. Who knows the answer? 2. He has refused to help them. 3. He enjoys reading. 4. He said “Good morning.“ 5. He admits that he was mistaken.,基本句型四: S + V + IO + O （主谓间宾直宾）,有些及物动词可以有两个宾语， e.g. give/ pass/ bring/ show/ 这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语)；一个指物(直接宾语)。,- Give me a cup of t
12、ea , please. - Show this house to Mr. Smith. - Bring it to me, please.,S V（vt.） IO（多指人） O （多指物）,1. She ordered herself a new dress. 2. He brought you a dictionary. 3. I showed him my pictures. 4. I told him that the bus was late. 5. He showed me how to run the machine.,基本句型五：S + V + O + C （主+谓+宾+宾补）
13、,此句型的特点：动词虽然是及物动词，但只跟宾语还不能表达 完整的意思，必须在宾语后加上一个补充成分来 补足宾语，才能使意思完整。,S V（vt.） O（宾语） C （宾补）,1. They painted the door green. 2. This set them thinking. 3. They found the house deserted. 4. He asked me to come back soon. I saw them getting on the bus. 6. I find him at work.,但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，除了基本句型的成分不变
14、外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语而加以扩大。 这些修饰语可以是:单词（adj./adv./num.数词）,短语（介词短语,不定式短语和分词短语）,我们称之为：定语、状语,一) 找出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.,(二) 找出下列句中的表语 - The old man was feeling very tired.- The leaves have turned yellow. - Soon They all became interested in the subject.,
