《曼昆《经济学原理》28unemployment》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《曼昆《经济学原理》28unemployment（49页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、28,Unemployment and Its Natural Rate,IDENTIFYING UNEMPLOYMENT,Categories of UnemploymentThe problem of unemployment is usually divided into two categories.The long-run problem and the short-run problem:The natural rate of unemployment The cyclical rate of unemployment,IDENTIFYING UNEMPLOYMENT,Natura
2、l Rate of UnemploymentThe natural rate of unemployment is unemployment that does not go away on its own even in the long run.It is the amount of unemployment that the economy normally experiences.,IDENTIFYING UNEMPLOYMENT,Cyclical UnemploymentCyclical unemployment refers to the year-to-year fluctuat
3、ions in unemployment around its natural rate.It is associated with with short-term ups and downs of the business cycle.,IDENTIFYING UNEMPLOYMENT,Describing UnemploymentThree Basic Questions:How does government measure the economys rate of unemployment?What problems arise in interpreting the unemploy
4、ment data?How long are the unemployed typically without work?,How Is Unemployment Measured?,Unemployment is measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).It surveys 60,000 randomly selected households every month.The survey is called the Current Population Survey.,How Is Unemployment Measured?,Ba
5、sed on the answers to the survey questions, the BLS places each adult into one of three categories:EmployedUnemployedNot in the labor force,How Is Unemployment Measured?,The BLS considers a person an adult if he or she is over 16 years old.,How Is Unemployment Measured?,A person is considered employ
6、ed if he or she has spent most of the previous week working at a paid job.,How Is Unemployment Measured?,A person is unemployed if he or she is on temporary layoff, is looking for a job, or is waiting for the start date of a new job.,How Is Unemployment Measured?,A person who fits neither of these c
7、ategories, such as a full-time student, homemaker, or retiree, is not in the labor force.,How Is Unemployment Measured?,Labor ForceThe labor force is the total number of workers, including both the employed and the unemployed.The BLS defines the labor force as the sum of the employed and the unemplo
8、yed.,Figure 1 The Breakdown of the Population in 2001,Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning,How Is Unemployment Measured?,The unemployment rate is calculated as the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed.,The labor-force participation rate is the percentage of the adult population th
9、at is in the labor force.,How Is Unemployment Measured?,Table 1 The Labor-Market Experiences of Various Demographic Groups,Copyright2004 South-Western,Figure 2 Unemployment Rate Since 1960,Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning,10,8,6,4,2,0,1970,1975,1960,1965,1980,1985,1990,2005,Percent of,Lab
10、or Force,1995,2000,Figure 3 Labor Force Participation Rates for Men and Women Since 1950,Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning,100,80,60,40,20,0,1950,1955,1960,1965,1970,1975,1980,1985,1990,2000,Labor-Force,Participation,Rate (in percent),Women,Men,1995,Does the Unemployment Rate Measure What
11、We Want It To?,It is difficult to distinguish between a person who is unemployed and a person who is not in the labor force.Discouraged workers, people who would like to work but have given up looking for jobs after an unsuccessful search, dont show up in unemployment statistics.Other people may cla
12、im to be unemployed in order to receive financial assistance, even though they arent looking for work.,How Long Are the Unemployed without Work?,Most spells of unemployment are short.Most unemployment observed at any given time is long-term.Most of the economys unemployment problem is attributable t
13、o relatively few workers who are jobless for long periods of time.,Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed?,In an ideal labor market, wages would adjust to balance the supply and demand for labor, ensuring that all workers would be fully employed.,Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed?,Fri
14、ctional unemployment refers to the unemployment that results from the time that it takes to match workers with jobs. In other words, it takes time for workers to search for the jobs that are best suit their tastes and skills.,Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed?,Structural unemployment is th
15、e unemployment that results because the number of jobs available in some labor markets is insufficient to provide a job for everyone who wants one.,JOB SEARCH,Job search the process by which workers find appropriate jobs given their tastes and skills. results from the fact that it takes time for qua
16、lified individuals to be matched with appropriate jobs.,JOB SEARCH,This unemployment is different from the other types of unemployment.It is not caused by a wage rate higher than equilibrium.It is caused by the time spent searching for the “right” job.,Why Some Frictional Unemployment is Inevitable,Search unemployment is inevitable because the economy is always changing.Changes in the composition of demand among industries or regions are called sectoral shifts. It takes time for workers to search for and find jobs in new sectors.,
