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1、Pregnancy loss in lesbian and bisexual women: an online survey of experiences,一项网络问卷调查研究：女同性恋者与双性恋者的妊娠丢失,background:,Although pregnancy loss is a distressing health event for many women, research typically equates womens experiences of pregnancy loss to married heterosexual womens experiences of pre
2、gnancy loss. The objective of this study was to explore lesbian and bisexual womens experiences of miscarriage, stillbirth and neonatal death. 虽然妊娠丢失对于大多数妇女是让人痛苦的事件，这里却只是针对正常男女婚配的妇女来说的，而本文旨在针对研究女同性恋者与双性恋者妇女的妊娠丢失、死胎、新生儿死亡事件。,methods:,This study analysed predominantly qualitative online survey data fr
3、om 60 non-heterosexual, mostly lesbian, women from theUK,USA,Canada and Australia. All but one of the pregnancies was planned. Most respondents had physically experienced one early miscarriage during their first pregnancy, although a third had experienced multiple losses. 这份调查源于60位非异性恋者的网上调查数据，这些非异性
4、恋者主要为女同性恋，囊括英、美、加、澳四地同性恋妇女。所有妊娠多为计划内妊娠，大多数受调查者的首次妊娠时就发生了早期流产，三分之一患者还经历多次妊娠丢失。,results:,The analysis highlights three themes: processes and practices for conception; amplification of loss; and health care and heterosexism. Of the respondents, 84% conceived using donor sperm; most used various resourc
5、es to plan conception and engaged in preconception health care.The experience of loss was amplified due to contextual factors and the investment respondents reported making in impending motherhood. Most felt that their loss(es) had made a significant/very significant impact on their lives.Many respo
6、ndents experienced health care during their loss. Although the majority rated the overall standard of care as good/very good/outstanding, a minority reported experiencing heterosexism from health professionals. 本研究强调三点：1怀孕过程与治疗2流产影响的扩大化3健康护理与受歧视带来的影响。84%受调查者使用精子库精子受孕，大多数利用各种资源准备妊娠并参加孕前健康护理。流产影响的扩大化除
7、了与上文提到的三点有关，还与受调查者为受孕进行的多种投入有关。许多妇女认为妊娠丢失在她们的生活中会产生“重要”“非常重要”的影响。许多受调查者在妊娠丢失时正在接受健康护理等治疗。虽然大多数认为护理整体标准“不错”“很好”“特别好”，但仍有少数称在护理专业人员那里受到了歧视。,conclusions:,The main limitation was that the in flexibility of the methodology did not allow the specificities of womens experiences to be probed further. It is
8、suggested that both coupled and single non-heterosexual women should be made more visible in reproductive health and pregnancy loss research. 主要局限存在于调查方法的不灵活性，以至于无法适应于每位妇女的特殊性这一问题，故仍需远期的调查研究。这项调查反映出：在生殖健康研究和妊娠丢失研究中，无论非异性恋者的双方抑或单方妇女是都应该予以关注。,Introduction,Pregnancy loss is an important issue that affe
9、cts family planning and childbearing, yet it is often overlooked in reproductive health research,and is shrouded in cultural silence (Layne, 2003). Fetal mortality has also been described as a major. . . public health problem (MacDorman and Kirmeyer, 2009a: 1). Pregnancy loss, especially early misca
10、rriage, extremely common and estimated to occur inbetween 12 and 31% of confirmed pregnancies, and up to as many as half of all pregnancies (Cramer and Wise, 2000; Cosgrove, 2004;Renner et al., 2000; Speroff et al., 1999). 妊娠丢失影响着家庭计划与育儿的实施，常被生殖健康中心所忽视，并且掩盖了道德是非趋向。婴儿死亡率被认为是一个重要的社会健康问题，妊娠丢失特别是早期流产发生极
11、普遍，发生率在经证实的妊娠中为12-31%，在整体妊娠中则升至50%。 (Cramer and Wise, 2000; Cosgrove, 2004;Renner et al., 2000; Speroff et al., 1999）,Epidemiological evidencefrom the USA indicates that risk of pregnancy loss is increased for a number of groups of women, including non-white women teenagers,women aged 35 years and o
12、ver, unmarried women and multiple deliveries(MacDorman and Kirmeyer, 2009b: 1). Within the unmarriedwomen category it not possible, however, to discern the sexuality of these women. Furthermore, in many Western jurisdictions marriage, or marriage-like legal frameworks, are now available to same-sex
13、couples (Harding, 2006; Peel and Harding, 2008). 流行病学证实美国妊娠丢失的风险在妇女在有逐年上升趋势，包括非白人的青少年团体，年龄大于等于35岁者、未婚者、多胞胎妊娠者。但是，在未婚妇女这个大范围中判断她们的性取向是不容易的，并且在许多西方国家的法律中是允许同性婚姻的。,The normative Western narrative of pregnancy is continually reproduced across medical, literary and mass-media resources. It involves a mis
14、sed period, a positive home pregnancy test and a medically managed pregnancy that entails visits to view the developing baby via ultrasound (Davis-Floyd and Dumit, 1998; Harpel, 2008). According to Layne (2003: 27), pregnancy loss at any gestational stage does not conform to the norm of joyful pregn
15、ancy。 It also fails to conform to medical norms of correct reproductive embodiment, since it disrupts the myth of continuous, linear biomedical progress implicit in dominant Western technobirthing discourses that make pregnancy and child rearing the object of rationalizing medical management (Davis-
16、Floyd, 1998).西方国家的妊娠标准总是经常更新，跨越了从医学、道德伦理到大众传媒几个方面，它包括受孕期、自测妊娠试验阳性及医学上妊娠明确（利用超声可见活胎来明确）。莱恩称任何阶段的流产是不能顺应妊娠、分娩这一自然流程的结果， 同样也是不能适应医学角度生殖遗传标准的结果，因为流产中断了生物进展的延续性。这意味着主导西方国家的人工受孕技术使得怀孕和产后婴儿的医学诊疗方法变得合理必要化。,Pregnancy loss is a physically and psychologically distressing event for many womena form of (often so
17、cially unrecognized) bereavement,trauma, significant loss and grief (Renner et al., 2000;Swanson, 2000; Frost et al., 2007; Brier, 2008). Furthermore, when non-normative relational contexts, such as lesbian couples, are considered,the phenomenon becomes even more complex. The narrative of normal pre
18、gnancy begins with natural conception, in the context of a heterosexual relationship, usually marriage. Lesbian motherhood is less common than heterosexual motherhood, and lesbian routes to conception are, by definition, non-(hetero)normative and prone to classification as artificial (Mamo, 2007) even when medical assistance to conceive is not sought (Ferrara et al., 2000).流产不论从身体还是心理方面都是一件让人痛苦的事，进一步讲，非正常关系诸如同性恋夫妻使得流产变得更为复杂。正常怀孕始于“自然”受孕，比如从异性恋爱关系发展到结婚、生育。而同性恋关系不同与异性恋，所以她们的受孕不能称之为“自然受孕”而是“人造受孕”，而且没有足够的医学辅助措施。,
