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1、Introduction to American literature,1.The Colonial Period 2.The Romantic Period (the first half of 19th century) 3.The Age of Realism and Naturalism 4.The Period around WWI 5.The Modern Period,I. The Colonial Period (the early 17th and 18th century),1. Puritanism: idealism and opportunism 2. Benjami
2、n Franklin本杰明富兰克林 : “The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin”自传 Poor Richards Almanac穷查理历书 (containing witty maxims for achieving wealth as a result of hard work and thrift)3.Philip Freneau (poem)菲利普弗伦诺 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲,American Puritanism Puritans The early settlers founding father
3、s of the America nation To purify the rituals and lessen the authority of bishops escaped to the new world, create a new paradise advocate highly religious and moral principles. American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.,Chapter T
4、wo American Romanticism and New England Literature,Logic Thread,Representative figures of the time:,Pre-romanticism:Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper库珀,Post-romanticism:Novelists: Nathaniel Hawthorne, HermanMelvillePoets: Henry Wadesworth Longfellow, Edgar Allan Poe, Walt WhitmanEmily Dickins
5、onEssayists: Ralph Waldo Emerson, -NatureHenry David Thoreau,American Romanticism,The romantic period stretches from the end of the eighteenth century through the outbreak of the Civil War (1790-1865). 1. Background (1) Political background and economic development Territorial Expansion Industrial G
6、rowthThe Civil WarThe “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism. optimism and hope among the people There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. (2) foreign influence Romantic movement in European countries,American Romanticism,Romanticism was
7、a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense. They stressed the close relationship between man and nature; They emphasized individualism and affirmed the inner life of the self.,Washington Ir
8、ving (1783-1859) 华盛顿欧文,早期浪漫主义小说家 A History of New York纽约的历史-美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家 Rip Van Winkle,James Fenimore Cooper 1789-1851 詹姆斯费尼莫尔库珀,早期浪漫主义小说家“Leatherstocking Tales”皮裹腿故事集 a series of five novels, that is the Pioneers拓荒者(I823)the
9、Last of the Mohicans(1826)最后的莫希干人The Prairie(1827)大草原The Pathfinder(1840)探路者The Deerslayer(1841)杀鹿者 adventure into the wilderness of the West/,2.The summit of Romanticism-New England Transcendentalism / 1. Emerson / “Nature” 2. Henry David Thoreau / “ Walden” 3.Whitman / “Leaves of Grass” 4. Hawthor
10、n / “ The Scarlet Letter” 5.Herman Meville “Moby Dick”,Post-romanticism (New England Transcendentalism),What is Transcendentalism? 1.Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)爱默生 The leading New England Transcendentalist “Nature”论自然-新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书 ;The American Scholar论美国学者2.Henry David Thoreau(1817-1862) Transc
11、endentalist Emersons friend Walden,The major features of Transcendentalism,1.The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. 2. The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most import
12、ant element of society. 3. The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, not purely matter. It was alive, filled with Gods overwhelming presence.,The Development of Transcendentalism, Nature (in 1836) by Ralph Waldo Emerson Natures
13、 voice pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England Transcendentalism, the summit of American Romanticism. Transcendentalist ClubTranscendentalism was indebted to the dual heritage of American Puritanism, the religious idealism of their Puritan past.Transcendentalists empha
14、sis on the individual was directly traceable to the Puritan principle of self-culture and self-improvement. Thus there is good reason to state that New England Transcendentalism was Romanticism on the Puritan soil. New England Transcendentalism was important to American literature. It inspired a who
15、le new generation of famous authors such as Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, Whitman and Dickinson.,Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864), Novels:Scarlet Letter红字 Hester Prynne; The House of Seven Gables七个尖角阁的房子; The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇;The Marble Faun大理石神像Short story collections: Twice-Told Tales
16、 故事新编Moses from an Old Manse古屋青苔,Herman Melville赫尔曼梅尔维尔1819-1891,Moby Dick/The White Whale 莫比迪克/白鲸,Edgar Allan Poe埃德加爱伦坡1809-1849,The first professional writer in America The first writer of detective story in the world -歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头 The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌(novel); The Raven乌鸦(poem) Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木儿和其他诗; To Hellen致海伦 （以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-叶芝）,
