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1、第2篇 计算机系统分层结构在本篇用3章分三个层次，即微体系结构层、指 令系统层和汇编语言层讨论计算机系统的组成。 微体系结构层是具体的硬件层次，可看作是指令系 统的解释器。 指令系统层是一个抽象的层次，其指令系统是一种 硬件和编译器都可识别的机器语言。 汇编语言层提供的语言，是将机器语言“符号化”以 便于人们理解。用汇编语言编写的程序先由汇编器翻译成机器语 言程序，再由微体系结构层解释执行。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created
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3、4-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.1.4 系 统结构计算机系统结构 系统的层次结构 面向问题语言层汇编语言层操作系统层指令系统层微体系结构层5层4层3层2层1层硬件- 机器语言机器与人的界面符号化的机器语言面向用户的语言硬件/固件(微程序)翻译(编译器)翻译(汇编器)部分解释(操作系统)直接执行/解释(微程序)Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created
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5、-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.第3章 微体系结构层CPU组织在微体系结构层 ，是从寄存器级分析CPU的 结构和功能。本章主要内容： CPU的基本组成和功能 算术逻辑部件ALU和运算方法 CPU模型机 组合逻辑控制器原理 微程序控制器原理Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Clien
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7、011 Aspose Pty Ltd.第5章CPU. 学习目的和要求： 认识CPU在计算机中的位置；要求掌握CPU与各个部分的协调工作原理；. 重点：整机构成,三级时序,两类控制器；. 难点：运算器, 微程序控制和设计。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty
8、 Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.3.1 CPU（Central Process Unit）的
9、组成和功能计算机的工作就是不断执行指令序列的过程。CPU的主要功能是从主存储器中取出指令、分析指令和执行指令，即按指令控制计算机各部件 操作，并对数据进行处理。CPU是计算机的核心组成部分3.1.CPU的组成和功能Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Lt
10、d.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 由算术逻辑部件ALU 、控制器、各种寄存器（寄 存器群）和CPU
11、内部总线（连接部件） 另：Cache 3.1.1 CPU的组成Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Create
12、d with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.1ALU部件ALU的功能是实现数据的算术与逻辑运算两个输入端口，参加运算的两个操作数，通常 来自CPU中的通用寄存器或ALU总线。 控制信号：ADD,SUB,OR,AND等 输出：运算结果Evaluation only
13、.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profi
14、le 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. CPU 中的寄存器包括存放控制信息的寄存器 ，如指令寄存器(IR)、程序计数器(PC)和状 态字寄存器(FR)；以及存放所处理数据的寄 存器，如通用寄存器和暂存器。2.寄存器(1)通用寄存器本身在逻辑上只具有接收信 息、存储信息和发送信息的功能。可为ALU提 供操作数并存放运算结果(MUL,DIV)，也可用
15、 作变址寄存器(SI,DI)、地址指针和计数器 (CX)等。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created
16、 with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.(2)暂存器暂存从主存储器读出的数据 ,暂 存器没有寄存器号，因此不能直接编程访 问它们，是透明的。（ALU的两个输入）用来存放当前正在执行的一条指令。执行 指令时，需根据PC中的指令地址从主存读 取指令送到IR中。（3）指令寄存器IR（Instruction Register） 存放当前或下一条指令在主存中的地址， 因此又称为指令计数器或指令指针 IP（Instruction Pointer）。 （4）程序计数器PC（Program Counter） Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Sl
