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1、 名词性从句名词性从句包括 主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句1. 主语从句 主语从句在句中做主语，它的位置与陈述句 基本结构中的主语相同。引导主语从句的词 有： 1) 连词that（无词义）；whether （是否）Eg. That he will come and help us is certain.Whether the 11th sports meeting will be held in our city has not been decided.已经确定的事情由that引导；没有决定的 事情由whether引导。连接代词what（什么）； who（谁）； which（哪一个）；
2、whose （谁的）； whoever （无论谁）；whatever（无论什 么）； whichever（无论哪一个） Eg. Whose ticket this is has not been found out. Whoever gets the job will have a lot of work to do. 任何得到这份工作的人都将要有很多 工作要做。 Whatever she wants is fine with me. 她无论 要什么我都没意见。Whichever (of you) comes in first will receive a prize. （你们之中）哪一个最先
3、到 达将得到奖品。3) 连接副词when（什么时候）； where（在 什么地方）； wherever（无论哪里）； why （为什么）；how（怎样）以及与how 组成 的短语how long（多长时间）； how often （每隔多久）； how soon（多久以后）； how far（多远）；how many /how much（ 多少）等Eg. When and where the test will be given is not yet decided. Wherever he goes has nothing to do with me. How much water is f
4、lowing can be easily measured.Why we need to control the flow of water is something I will explain.注意：1）很多主语从句都可以用在it做 形式主语的句子。 It is possible to work out whether you will save or lose money by increasing the temperature by 1 . 温度增加一度会赚钱还是失钱，计算机 就可能算出来。It is strange how they did it. 很奇怪他 们是怎么做的这件事。2
5、）连词that引导主语从句时，that没有词义 ，不做成分，不能省略。但若在非正式文体 中，又用于it做形式主语的结构中，只要句 子不太复杂，that 可以省略。Its a pity (that) you missed the sports meeting last week. 很遗憾你没参加上周的 运动会。3) 连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句 是由特殊疑问句转化而来的，要用陈 述语序。Eg. What the weather will be like for the next three days is of great importance. How much we can spend
6、must be agreed on. 我们可以花多少钱必须要 达成共识。4) 连词whether引导主语从句时，不能用if 替换。Whether this is true or not remains a mystery.但是如果主语后置，则if 也可以。 It remains a mystery whether/if this is true or not. 2. 宾语从句宾语从句的位置与陈述句基本结构中的宾 语相同。宾语从句可作谓语动词（及物） 的宾语，也可做介词和非限定动词（动词 不定式、动名词、分词）和某些形容词的 宾语。引导宾语从句的词有：1)从属连词that（无词义）They kn
7、ow that the habit may kill them.Considering that you are good boys and girls, Ill let you see the film.I am glad that you told me the truth.2) 连词whether 或if（是否）whether 可与if互换。 但如果做介词的宾语时，或是宾语从句提置句首时 只能用whether,不能用if引导这个宾语从句。 Eg. Ill go to that shop and see whether/if they have a telephone. Everythin
8、g depends on whether you have enough money. Whether he is an expert, I dont mind. 如果whether 后紧跟or not, 不能用if; whether 与or not分开，可用if. Eg. They doubt whether or not Jack is a good student. They doubt whether/if Jack is a good student or not. 3)连接代词what（什么）； who（谁）； whose（谁的）； which（哪一个）； whatever（无论什
9、么）； whoever（无论 是谁，宾格whomever） whichever（无 论哪一个）；连接副词 when （什么时候）；where（ 什么地方）； how （怎样）；why（为什 么）以及与 how构成的短语She wanted to see which shops offered the best advice and service. 她想了解哪家酒店提出的建议和提供的服务最好。 Go to stamp sales and buy whatever you can afford. 到邮票销售点，把你能够买得起的邮票买下来。 Take whichever you like best
10、. 挑选你最喜欢的随便拿一个。 We will see what we can discover. 我们倒要看看会发现什么情况。 Do you know where he lives? I dont quite understand why more women smoke than men in Britain. 注意： 1) 连词whether或if 引导的宾语从句是由一般 疑问句转化而来；连接代词和连接副词引 导的宾语从句是由特殊疑问句转化而来， 两个都要用陈述语序。Eg. “ Do you have enough money?” he asked me. -He asked me wh
11、ether /if I had enough money.“ Where has my mother gone?” he wondered. -He wondered where his mother had gone.2) 由how和what 引导的感叹句做宾语从句 时，仍然用感叹句的语序。“How important the forest is!” “What an interesting job I have!”-They began to understand how important the forest is.-She told me what an interesting jo
12、b she had. 3) 连接代词和连接副词与连词that 引导的宾语从 句之间的重要区别之一就是前者可以充当介词的宾 语，而后者不可以。如需用that做介词的宾语从句 时，要去掉介词但在介词except后可以接that从句 。 Eg. We need to think about what we should say to the visitors. 我们需要考虑一下向来访者说些什么。 Have you ever thought of where you will go after graduation?你考虑过毕业后要到哪儿去？ I insist that you give me my
13、money back. 我坚持你把钱退给我。 I know nothing about the young lady except that she is from Shanghai.除了知道这青年女子是上海 人之外，我对她一无所知。4）在非正式文体中，如果that 引导的宾语从 句较短，其连词that一般可省略。 Eg. He said (that) all the students should help each other. 但当that 从句与主句谓语动词之间有插入语 或者与从句主语之间有插入语时，that不可 省略。例如：He announced, believe it or no
14、t, that he would never forgive her. 他宣布 ，信不信由你，他决不会原谅她。 He judged that, because she was a woman, she did not understand wine. 他认定她不懂 得酒，因为她是女人。当that从句与另一名词性从句并列做宾语时 ，that不能省略。 Everyone could see what was happening and that she was really worried. 大家都看得 出发生了什么事，也知道她真得十分焦急。 重点：句中若有两个并列的that 从句做宾语 ，即使省
15、略了第一个that，也不可以省略第 二个that。 Eg. I believe (that) youve done your best and that things will improve. 我想你已经尽 力了，我相信一切会好起来的。3. 表语从句 表语从句在句中作表语，它位于主句中的连 系动词之后。引导表语从句的连词、连接代词和连接副词 与引导主语从句、宾语从句的连词、连接 代词和连接副词相同。另外，because以及 在系动词seem, look 后的as if (though)也 可引导表语从句。 Eg The problem is that smokers cant go with
16、out smoking. 问题是抽烟的人不抽烟就 会感到难受。Virtue is whatever one must possess first. 品德应是一个人必须首先具备的。The difficulty was how he could prove his ideas to other scientists. 困难在于他怎样才 能向其他科学家证实他的想法。 This is because two thirds of the earths surface is made up of vast oceans.这是因为 地球表面的三分之二是由广阔的海洋构成的 。It looks as if it hasnt been washed following the instructions.看起来这件衣服没按说明要 求去洗涤。Is that why you had a few days off? (99
