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1、汉译英理论与实践教程程永生 著练习参考答案练习参考答案说 明l 此次更新，为全部汉译英理论与实 践练习及参考答案制作了课件，但考 虑到网络空间，此处仅提供样品。目录l第一章 汉语词语英译 l第二章 现代汉语句子英译l第三章 现代汉语段落英译l第四章 汉语四大古典小说名著选段英译 第一章 汉语词语英译l第一节 汉语词语与词语翻译机制l第二节 汉语成语与熟语英译l第三节 汉语人名地名英译l第四节 汉语职官体系名称与职官名称英译l第五节 汉语中带数字的词语英译l第六节 汉语天文、历法与节气方面的词语英译l第七节 现代汉语时新词语英译 第一章 汉语词语英译 l第一节 汉语词语与词语翻译机制l第二节 汉
2、语成语与熟语英译l第三节 汉语人名地名英译l第四节 汉语职官体系名称与职官名称英译l第五节 汉语中带数字的词语英译l第六节 汉语天文、历法与节气方面的词语英译l第七节 现代汉语时新词语英译第一节 汉语词语与词语翻译机制lAnswers to Questions 15Answer to Question 1l The Chinese lexical items mainly consist of words and phrases, including idioms, set phrases, proverbs, allegorical sayings and so on. Chinese le
3、xical items can be divided in terms of parts of speech, function and so on. In terms of parts of speech, Chinese lexical items, especially words, can be divided into nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections, etc. In terms of function, Chinese lexical ite
4、ms can fall into ordinary words, proper words, technical terms, and so on, as well as sayings, including idioms, set phrases, proverbs, allegorical sayings, etc. Answer to Question 2l Actually any unit of a Chinese text can serve as the bearer of Chinese culture and constitutes part of the Chinese c
5、ulture, but Chinese lexical items, in a sense, embody the Chinese culture more typically than others, at least seemingly more typically. For example, for years, we have introduced English sentence patterns into the Chinese language so that when we say “如果你 不来，我们就不给你留位子了”，we cannot say for sure that
6、it is a typical Chinese sentence free from any English influence, Answer to Question 2 (continued)lfor the English translation would be, to some extent, structurally a Chinese equivalent: If you do not come, we will not keep the seat for you. Such sentential similarities can be easily located in bot
7、h languages. However, when it comes to a Chinese personal name, a Chinese place name, a name for a Chinese utensil, a name for a Chinese architecture, a Chinese idiom, a Chinese set phrase, a Chinese proverb, Answer to Question 2 (continued)la Chinese allegorical saying and so on, such similarities
8、can hardly readily be found, and all these items cannot be fully understood without referring to the Chinese culture. For example, when we say 四合院，it will conjures up a picture different from an English flat. In terms of value, in de Saussre”s sense, the Chinese 叔叔is not worth as much as the English
9、 uncle.Answer to Question 3For translation of lexical items from Chinese into English, there are such mechanisms as sound translation, meaning translation, sound-meaning translation and so on. Occasionally, people add notes to the translation of Chinese lexical items or stretch the translation to a
10、prolonged length to include the cultural or social meaning of a particular Chinese lexical item. However, no matter by what mechanism, we cannot always, if we can on some occasions, revive the meaning of the original completely. Answer to Question 3 (continued)The reason perhaps is that behind the l
11、exical items of a language, there stand the textual grid of that language and cultural grid or the social grid relevant to the language, in Bassenetts terms. In de Saussures term, the value of a word is determined by the value of relevant words in the same semantic field. In translation of Chinese l
12、exical items into English, we cannot translate the textual, cultural or social grid or even the semantic field relevant to the lexical items, Answer to Question 3 (continued)though we can by other means introduce some ideas of the grid or the semantic field. As for which of the mechanisms to choose,
13、 it much depends on the inclination of the translator, though on the translation situation as well. Take the translation of the personal names of A Dream of Red Mansions for example. Some use pinyin while others turn to meaning translation and still others turn to a combination of pinyin and meaning
14、 translation. And the pinyin users can be divided into those who use the pinyin that can be witnessed in putonghua and those who use the code system of Webster. Answer to Question 3 (continued)l Note that in the above discussion, we used sound translation instead of transliteration, as often used by
15、 some Chinese translation theoreticians, because we believe that transliteration literally means letter for letter translation and it is often, if not always, employed by Western theoretician accordingly.Answer to Question 4For university students, translation mainly means rendering the original into the target by choosing proper lexical items and proper sentence patterns. Generally speaking, they are not expected to transplant the seed as we do in translation of a Chinese poem into English or the other way round, nor are they expected to do anything more sophisticated
