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1、Unit 1Further readingApproaches and Methods in Language Teaching: Jack C. Richards a more-skilled person (teacher or more-advanced peer of the child) adjusts the amount of guidance to fit the students current performance. When the task the student is learning is new, the teacher might use direct ins
2、truction. As the students competence increases, less guidance is provided. Think of scaffolding in learning like the scaffolding used to construct a building. The scaffolding provides support when needed, but it is adjusted and gradually removed as the building approaches completion.Researchers foun
3、d that when scaffolding is used by teachers and peers in collaborative learning, students learning benefits.Teaching grammarGrammar teaching depends on certain variables(learner and instructional ) in the language teaching/learning contextGrammar presentation methods-deductive method: relies on reas
4、oning, analyzing and comparing teaching procedure:teachers example on the board,teachers explanation of the rules (in students native language),students practice application of the rules.Advantages:good for selected and motivate students;save time to explain complex rules;increase students confidenc
5、e in examination.Disadvantages:grammar is taught isolatedly;little attention is paid to meaning;the practice is often mechanical-inductive method:teaching procedure;authentic language presentation(give grammar examples);let students observe,analyse,compare examples;help students induct grammar rules
6、,Advantages:inspire students thinking activities;motivate students learning interests;grammar is taught in context.Disadvantages:the presentation of grammar is more complex and time consumption;grammar is not taught directly;some rules can not be induced easily-guided discovery method: Similar to th
7、e inductive method:the students are induced to discover rules by themselves (similar);the process of the discovery is carefully guided and assisted by the teacher and the rules are then elicited and taught explicitly.(different)Implicit and explicit knowledge:Implicit knowledge refers to knowledge t
8、hat unconsciously exists in our mind, which we can make use of automatically without making any effort;Explicit knowledge refers to our conscious knowledge about the language. We can talk about it, analyse it and apply it in conscious ways.Learning and acquiring (second language acquisition theory)T
9、he synthesis approaches to grammatical pedagogy:Collocational: grammar should be built on collocational relations between individual lexical items and their subcategories.Constructive: ones knowledge of grammar is built bit by bit, which closely model the way language is learned and used.Contextual:
10、 Elements and structures are taught in relation to their context. Syntactic and lexical choices are explicitly related to pragmatic ones, and to social and cultural contexts.Contrastive: grammar involves drawing the learners attention to contrast the differences between the target language and other
11、 language.Grammar practice:Pre-learning;Volume and repetition:Success-orientation.Heterogeneity .Teacher assistance.Interest1.Mechanical practice:activities that are aimed at form accuracy.By doing mechanical practice,students pay repeated attention to a key element in a structure.form of practice:S
12、ubstitution and transformation drills2. Meaningful practice the focus is on the production, comprehension or exchange of meaning though the students “keep an eye on” the way newly learned structures are used in the process. 3.Using prompts for practice:The prompts can be pictures, mimes, tables, cha
13、rts or key words, etc.A good presentation should include both oral and written and form and meaning Visual materials can aid comprehensionIts the teachers involvement and his or her ability to personalise teaching and make activities engaging that often promotes successful learning.Teaching vocabula
14、ryThe first question need to know is what does knowing a word involve.A word:knowing its pronunciation and stress; spelling and grammatical properties; meaning; how and when to use it to express the intended meaning (freestanding and bound morphine)Vocabulary learning involves ate least two aspects
15、of meaning: the understanding of its denotative and connotative meaning; and understanding the sense relations among wordsDenotative meaning of a word or a lexical item refers to those words that we use to label things as regards real objectsConnotative meaning of a word refers to the attitudes or e
16、motions of a language user in choosing a word and the influence of these on the listener or readers interpretation of the word. This words that may express a positive or negative attitude or subtle feelings toward something.Collocations refers to words that co-occur with high frequency and have been accepted as ways for the use of words. It is believed that teaching word collocations is a more effective way than just teaching one single word at
