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1、Chapter 3 Morphology Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. (p52)直接涉及语素研究的语言学分支叫做形态学，研究词的 内部结构以及词的构造规则。（胡，2002:63）3.2 Morpheme语素the minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function（p52）语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步分为更小的 单位而不破坏或彻底改变词汇意义或语法意义。 （胡，
2、2002:62-63）3.2 Morpheme语素-Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g. 1-morpheme boy, desire 2-morpheme boy+ish, desir(e)+ble 3-morpheme boy+ish+ness, desir(e)+bl(e)+ity 4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness,un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity 5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+ne
3、ss 6-morpheme anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism 3.2.1 Free morpheme 自由语素Free morpheme-is one that may constitute a word or stand alone as a word(free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc. Root Stem BaseRootA root (词根)is that part of the word left when all the affixes (inflectional A
4、 base is derivationally analyzable (e.g. undesire in undesirable) while a root cannot be further analyzed, e.g. desire in undesirable; Root, stem and base can be the same form, e.g. desire in desired; Undesirable in undesirables is either a stem or a base; Desirable in undesirable is only a base.Two
5、 categories of free morphemes: Open class word and closed class word Open class words-content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, e.g. beatnik(a member of the Beat Generation), hacker, email, internet, “做秀 ，时装秀” in Chinese.(lexic
6、al morphemes)Closed class words-grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns.(functional morphemes) 3.2.2 Bound morpheme 粘着语素Bound morpheme-is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They can not stand by themselves, such as “-s” in “dogs”, “
7、al” in “national”, “dis-” in “disclose”, “ed” in “recorded”, etc. Affix 词缀Bound morphemes are actually affixes. (p 53) Prefix - morphemes that occur only before others, e.g. un-, dis, anti-, ir-, etc. Suffix - morphemes that occur only after others, e.g. -ful, -er, -ish, -ness, -able, -tive, tion, e
8、tc. Infix-morphemes that are inserted into other morphemes, it is relatively rare in the language of the world.Two Categories of Bound Morphemes Derivational morphemes 派生语素: the morphemes which change the category, or grammatical class of words,e.g. modern-modernize, length-lengthen, fool-foolish, e
9、tc.Inflectional morphemes曲折语素: the morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on; they never change their syntactic category, never add any lexical meaning, e.g.a) number-plural: tables apples cars b) 3rd person singular,
10、present participle and past participle: talk/talks/talking/talked c) possessive case: John/Johnsd) superlative and comparative: loud/loudest/louderhouse, work, kindand, if, or, but-er, -ness, -ly-ed, -er, -estP 55http:/people.uncw.edu/veit/e ng320/assignments/morphem es.htm3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs
11、语素变体 Morphsthe smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole.3.3 Allomorphs 语素变体 Some morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as “dog, bark, cat”,etc. In other instances, there may be some variation, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic
12、forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme, the plural morpheme may be represented by: map-maps s dog-dogs z watch-watches iz mouse-mice ai ox-oxen n tooth-teeth sheep-sheep Each of the underlined part is called an allomorph of plural morpheme. 3.4 Types of Word FormationWord formatio
13、n is the creation of new words. (p 57) The most important ways of word formation are compounding and derivation.3.4.1 Compounding 合成构词法Words are formed by putting two words together. This way of building new words is called compounding. Compound is formed by combining two free morphemes.The Patterns
14、 of CompoundsWhen the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category, e.g. postbox, landlady, icy-cold, blue-black When the two words fall into different categories, the class of the second or final word will be the grammatical category of the compound, e.g. he
15、ad-strong, pickpocket Compounds have different stress patterns from the non- compounded word sequence, e.g. red coat, green house The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts.Compounds Noun compoundsdaybreak (N+V) playboy (V+N) haircut (N+V) callgirl (V+N) windmill (N+N) bluebird(adj+N) Verb compoundshighlight(adj+V) sleep-walk (V+V) babysit(N+V) Adjective compoundsstir-crazy (V+adj) dark-blue (adj+adj) dutyfree (N+adj.) Preposition compoundsinto (P+P)throughout (P+P) P57-p583.4.2 Derivation 派生
