《阅读理解试题的设计》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《阅读理解试题的设计（23页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、阅读理解试题的设计Shakle XiaShakle Xia提纲 阅读能力 TOEFL的研究 阅读理解试题的功能 阅读理解试题的文本 阅读理解试题设计的选材 阅读理解试题设计的标准 阅读理解试题设计的种类 阅读理解试题设计的步骤 阅读理解试题设计的注意点 国内同类试题设计的策略阅读能力 Conceptualizing Reading Proficiency 1. The processing perspective 2. The task perspective 3. The reader purpose perspective.TOEFL的研究 Using Reader Purpose to
2、Guide Test Design 1. Reading to find information (or “search reading”) 2. Reading for basic comprehension 3. Reading to learn 4. Reading to integrate information across multiple textsTOEFL的研究1. Reading to Find InformationOne of the most basic purposes for reading is to locate and comprehend discrete
3、 pieces of information. People search text for information in order to find answers to questions that have been posed, to verify and repair any miscomprehension, and to find the most relevant parts of a text for information purposes.TOEFL的研究2. Reading for Basic Comprehension.This comprehension purpo
4、se requires a reader to understand the main ideas or the main points of the text, or to form some understanding of the main theme of the text.TOEFL的研究3. Reading to Learn We assume that reading to learn incorporates the ability to find information and to develop a basic comprehension of the text. How
5、ever, reading to learn also requires the reader to integrate and connect the detailed information provided by the author into a coherent whole. This sort of integration requires an understanding of cause-and-effect relationships, comparisons and contrasts, classification relationships, and persuasiv
6、e intent.TOEFL的研究4. Reading to Integrate Information.The ability to integrate information from multiple sources implicates all the reading purposes discussed above. This reading purpose requires a reader to integrate information from more than one source. Such tasks require a reader to work across t
7、wo or more texts and generate an organizing frame that is not explicitly stated. Texts may include diagrams, charts, graphs, illustrations, and prose.阅读理解试题的功能Macro-skills: Scanning text to locate specific information Skimming text to obtain the gist Identifying stages of an argument Identifying exa
8、mples presented in support of an argument阅读理解试题的功能 Micro-skills Indentifying references of pronouns, etc. Using context to guess meaning of unfamiliar words Understanding relations between parts of text by recognizing indicators in discourse, especially for the introduction, development, transition,
9、 and conclusion of ideas 阅读理解试题的文本 Types of text might include: textbook, novel, magazine, newspaper, academic journal, letter, timetable, etc. Tasks could be based on a single text, ranging in length from a short paragraph to a lengthy selection; The text might be presented without any visual mater
10、ial A text selection could be accompanied by graphics, such as line drawings, schematics, photographs, or maps, or by charts, tables, or graphs presenting data. Materials should be authentic. It may often be appropriate to indicate the range of topics in only very general terms.阅读理解试题设计的选材 Keep spec
11、ifications constantly in mind and try to select as representative a sample as possible. Do not repeatedly select texts of a particular kind simply because they are readily available. Choose texts of appropriate length. Scanning may call for passages of up 2,000 words or more. Detailed reading can be
12、 tested using passages of just a few sentences. Include as many passages as possible in a test, giving testees a good number of fresh starts . Look for passages which contain plenty of discrete pieces of information, to test scanning.阅读理解试题设计的选材 Choose texts which will interest testees but which wil
13、l not overexcite or disturb them. Avoid tests made up of information which may be part of candidates general knowledge. Do not choose texts which are too culturally laden, assuming that it is only reading ability which is being tested. Do not use texts which students have already read (or even close
14、 approximations to them) Choose the text whose difficulty level should be suited to the level of the learners.阅读理解试题的设计标准 To measure the ability in which we are interested To elicit reliable behavior from testees To permit highly reliable scoring阅读理解试题的种类 Multiple choice Unique answer Here there is
15、only one possible correct response. This might be a single word or number, or something slightly longer. For example: In which city do the people described in the “Urban Villagers” live? _ was the man responsible for the first steam railway?阅读理解试题的种类 Short answer When unique answer items are possibl
16、e, short answer items may be used. For example: According to the author, what does the increase in divorce rates show about peoples expectations of marriage and marriage patterns?They (expectations) are greater (than in the past).阅读理解试题的种类 Guided short answersWhat changes have taken place in the attitudes of many European univers
