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1、Chapter 2 Phonetics: Speech Sounds2.1 Introduction2.1 Introduction2.2 Speech Organs (articulators)2.2 Speech Organs (articulators)2.3 The Phonetic Properties of Speech Sounds2.3 The Phonetic Properties of Speech Sounds2.4. Vowels2.4. Vowels1Q:Are languages primarily spoken or written?1. What is phon
2、etics?1. What is phonetics?A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification andtranscription, e.g. p bilabial, stop. 2.1 Introduction2.1 Introduction2There are three different branches of phonetics: lArticulatory ph
3、onetics(发音语音学)- “how speakers produce speech sounds” from the speakers point of viewlAuditory phonetics(听觉语音学)- “how sounds are perceived” from the hearers point of viewlAcoustic phonetics(声学语音学)- It deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. from the physical way or means by whic
4、h sounds are transmitted from one to another. 2. Branches of phonetics:2. Branches of phonetics: main31.Lips 2.Teeth 3.Teeth ridge(alveolar ridge) 4.Hard palate 5.Soft palate (velum) 6.Uvula 7.Tip of tongue 8.Blade of tongue 9.Back of tongue 10.Vocal cords 11.Pharyngeal cavity(pharynx) 12.Nasal cavi
5、ty 13. Oral cavity 14. Glottis(声门） 15. trachea( wind pipe)（气 管）2.2 Speech Organs2.2 Speech Organs (articulators)(articulators)1312111415413111256Oral cavity - the mouth (1) Most of the sounds in Chinese and English are oralsounds. E.g.: b p tNasal cavity - the nose(2) In English, the three sounds m,
6、 n and N, are nasal. All the other sounds are oral. Pharyngeal cavity (Pharynx) - the throat(3) vocal cords closed: voiced. E.g.， b, d vocal cords open: voiceless E.g.， p, tair lung glottis pharynx (pharyngeal cavity) uvularnasal cavityoral cavityThree important areas (resonating cavities):Three imp
7、ortant areas (resonating cavities):main7lThe greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity. The main places involved are the back, the front and the blade of the tongue, and also its extreme frontthe tip, the uvula, the velum, the hard palate, the alveolar ridge, the
8、teeth and the lips. 8lThe nasal cavity is connected with the oral cavity. The soft part of the roof of the mouth, the velum, can be drawn back to close the passage so that all air exiting from the lungs can only go through the mouth. The sounds produced in this condition are not nasalized. If the pa
9、ssage is left open to allow air to exit through the nose, the sounds produced are nasalized sounds.9lVibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting
10、air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless.10lClassification of English speech sounds - English speech sounds are generally classified into two large categories: 2.3 The Phonetic Properties of Speech SoundsNote: The essential difference between th
11、ese two classes is that in the production of the former， the air stream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is somehow obstructed.Vowels Consonants 11p poor f five r red b best v visit m money; fame t take w way n skin; no d dog
12、F cash N link; doing k kite V measure W thank g goat h hate T this s say j you tF China z zoo l love; little dV joke(24)Consonants临时搭配: ts students dz beds tr tree dr dream122. The position of the velum (nasality: nasal/oral) In English, the three sounds m, n, and N are nasal. All the other sounds a
13、re oral.Whats the properties of every speech sound? What state is thespeech organ when a particular sound is produced? How manyorgans are concerned? How do speech sounds differ from eachother?lProperties of Consonants1. The state of the vocal cords (voicing: voiced/voiceless): voiced: b d g v z V dV
14、 T etc.voiceless: p t k f s F tF W etc. They are the only voiceless consonants in English (8), and vowels are all voiced. 13(Different speech organs may have different shapes and positions)bilabial: p, b, m;labiodental: f, v;interdental(dental): W, T;alveolar: t, d, s, z, n, l, r;palatal: F, V, tF,
15、dV, j;velar: k, g, N, w; glottal: h.3. Places of articulation14lstops/plosives: p, b, t, d, k, g;lfricatives: f, v, s, z, W, T, F, V;laffricates: tF, dV; lapproximants: j, w, l, r, pletely blocked for a period of time, and then released suddenly. It cannot be prolonged or maintained.Forcing air through a narrow passage so that a hissing sound is created. It is possible to maintain a
