公共物品和共有资源

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1、Copyright2004 South-Western11公共物品和共有资源Copyright 2004 South-Western“生活中最美好的东西都是免费的. . .” 免费物品向经济分析提出了特殊的挑战Free goods provide a special challenge for economic analysis. 在我们的经济中,大部分物品是在市场中配置 的.Most goods in our economy are allocated in marketsCopyright 2004 South-Western“生活中最美好的东西都是免费的. . .” 当一些物品可以免费得

2、到时,在正常情况下, 经济中配置资源的市场力量就不存在了When goods are available free of charge, the market forces that normally allocate resources in our economy are absent.Copyright 2004 South-Western“生活中最美好的东西都是免费的. . .” 当一种物品没有价格时,私人市场不能保证该 物品生产和消费的适当数量When a good does not have a price attached to it, private markets canno

3、t ensure that the good is produced and consumed in the proper amounts.Copyright 2004 South-Western“生活中最美好的东西都是免费的. . .” 在这种情况下,政府政策可以潜在地解决市场 失灵,并增进经济福利.In such cases, government policy can potentially remedy the market failure that results, and raise economic well-being.Copyright 2004 South-Western不

4、同类型的物品 当考虑经济中的物品时,根据两个特点来对物 品分类时有用的:When thinking about the various goods in the economy, it is useful to group them according to two characteristics: 物品有排他性吗?Is the good excludable? 物品有竞争性吗?Is the good rival?Copyright 2004 South-Western不同类型的物品 排他性 Excludability 排他性是指可以阻止一个人使用该物品的特性Excludability ref

5、ers to the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it. 竞争性 Rivalry 竞争性是指一个人使用一种物品减少其他人使 用该物品的特性.Rivalry refers to the property of a good whereby one persons use diminishes other peoples use.Copyright 2004 South-Western不同类型的物品 四类物品 私人物品 Private Goods 公共物品 Public Goods 共有资源 Com

6、mon Resources 自然垄断 Natural MonopoliesCopyright 2004 South-Western不同类型的物品 私人物品私人物品 Private GoodsPrivate Goods 具有排他性和竞争性Are both excludable and rival. 公共物品公共物品 Public GoodsPublic Goods 既无排他性也无竞争性Are neither excludable nor rival. 公共资源公共资源 Common ResourcesCommon Resources 有竞争性无排他性Are rival but not exclu

7、dable. 自然垄断自然垄断 Natural MonopoliesNatural Monopolies 有排他性无竞争性Are excludable but not rival.表一:不同类型的物品Copyright 2004 South-Western竞争性?是是 冰激凌蛋卷 衣服 拥挤的收费道路 消防 有线电视 不拥挤的收费道路否私人物品自然垄断否排他性? 海洋中的鱼 环境 拥挤的不收费道路 自然国防 知识 不拥挤的不收费公路公有资源公共物品sCopyright 2004 South-Western公共物品 搭便车者是得到一种物品的收益蛋避开为此 支付的人A free-rider is

8、a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it.Copyright 2004 South-Western搭便车者的问题 因为无法阻止人们从享受公共物品中得到好 处,个人可以避开支付,而希望由他人来支付.Since people cannot be excluded from enjoying the benefits of a public good, individuals may withhold paying for the good hoping that others will pay for

9、it. 搭便车者的问题使私人市场不愿提供公共物 品.The free-rider problem prevents private markets from supplying public goods.Copyright 2004 South-Western搭便车者问题 解决搭便车者问题 如果总受益超过成本,政府可以提供公共物品The government can decide to provide the public good if the total benefits exceed the costs. 政府可以用税收支付公共物品,可以使每个人的 状况变好.The government

10、 can make everyone better off by providing the public good and paying for it with tax revenue.Copyright 2004 South-Western一些重要的公共物品 国防 National Defense 基础研究 Basic Research 反贫困 Fighting PovertyCopyright 2004 South-Western案例研究:灯塔是公共物品吗?Copyright 2004 South-Western成本-收益分析是一个难题 成本-收益分析Cost benefit analy

11、sis是指对提 供公共物品给社会带来的成本和收益的研究 refers to a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good. 在确定是否提供一个公共物品时,必须比较使 用该物品的人获得的总收益和提供及维持它 的成本.In order to decide whether to provide a public good or not, the total benefits of all those who use the good must be compared to the

12、costs of providing and maintaining the public good.Copyright 2004 South-Western成本-收益分析是一个难题 成本-收益分析可以被用来估算一个项目对于作为 一个整体而言的社会的总收益和总成本A cost-benefit analysis would be used to estimate the total costs and benefits of the project to society as a whole. 这是一项艰难的工作,因为估算社会收益和成本的价格是 缺乏的.It is difficult to do

13、 because of the absence of prices needed to estimate social benefits and resource costs. 生命,消费者的时间和美学的价值是很难估算的.The value of life, the consumers time, and aesthetics are difficult to assess.Copyright 2004 South-Western公有资源 公有资源鱼公共物品一样,也没有排他性.想 使用公有资源的任何一个人都可以免费使用Common resources, like public goods, a

14、re not excludable. They are available free of charge to anyone who wishes to use them.Copyright 2004 South-Western公有资源 公有资源有竞争性,因为一个人的使用减少了 其他人的使用. Common resources are rival goods because one persons use of the common resource reduces other peoples use.Copyright 2004 South-Western公地的悲剧 工地的悲剧是一个寓言,说

15、明从整个社会的角度看 为什么公有资源的使用大于合意的水平The Tragedy of the Commons is a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole. 当私人不必为他们的使用支付时,共有资源就会被过渡使 用.Common resources tend to be used excessively when individuals are not charged for their usa

16、ge. 这和负外部性很相似.This is similar to a negative externality.Copyright 2004 South-Western一些重要的公有资源 清洁的空气和水 Clean air and water 拥挤的道路 Congested roads 鱼类,鲸鱼和其它野生动物 Fish, whales, and other wildlifeCopyright 2004 South-Western案例研究:为什么黄牛没有绝种 市场会保护我吗?Private Ownership and the Profit Motive!Copyright 2004 South-Western结论:产权的重要性 如果产权未能很好地建立,市场就不能有