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1、第四章 管理实践的起源 n本章内容是沿着“管理实践管理思想管理理论管理应用”这样的逻辑路径而展开的。 -Management Theories Scientific ManagementGeneral Administrative TheoristsQuantitative ApproachEarly AdvocatesHawthorne StudiesOrganizational BehaviorContingency ApproachSystems ApproachHistorical BackgroundEarly Examples Of ManagementAdam SmithIndu
2、strial Revolution1235一、以建筑物为代表所体现的管理实践 埃及金字塔、巴比伦古城、中国万里长城的 建造二、以管理行为为主要内容而体现的管理实 践活动古罗马帝国的兴盛、出埃及记 n古罗马帝国的兴盛n出埃及记中的记载第五章 早期主要管理思想n一、管仲的管理思想史记记载，管仲曰：“吾始困时，尝与鲍 叔贾，分财利多自与，鲍叔不以我为贪，知 我贫也。吾尝为鲍叔谋事而更穷困，鲍叔不 以我为愚，知时有利不利也。吾尝三仕三见 逐於君，鲍叔不以我为不肖，知我不遭时也 。吾尝三战三走，鲍叔不以我怯，知我有老 母也。公子纠败，召忽死之，吾幽囚受辱， 鲍叔不以我为无耻，知我不羞小节而耻功名 不显于
3、天下也。生我者父母，知我者鲍子也 。”二、尼古拉.马基雅维利的管理思想n1群众认可原则 n2内聚力原则 n3领导方法原则 n4生存意志原则 三、18世纪下半叶至19世纪末的管理思想 n1.萨伊的管理思想萨伊（Jean Baptiste Say,1767-1832）,是法国资产阶级庸俗经济创始人。他创立了把政治经济学体系划为生产、分配、消费三个部分的所谓“三分法”，提出了“供给自动创造需求”说（即所谓的萨伊定律）等一系列庸俗理论。他是首先承认管理作为一个独立的生产要素的人，将管理与土地、劳动、资本相并列，认为管理是第四个要素。萨伊强调计划职能的重要性。 2.亚当斯密的管理思想n（1）劳动分工理论
4、 （2）“经济人”的观点3.查尔斯巴贝奇（Charles Babbage,1782-1871 ）的管理思想n英国剑桥大学教授。A、强调人的重要性，主张实行建议制度；B、进一步肯定了劳动分工的意义；C、提出了工资加利润的分配制度。 4.罗伯特欧文（Robert Owen,1771-1858）的 管理思想“现代人事管理之父”。第一个公开出版了有关管理的著作。A、最早注意到了人力资源的重要性；B、主张改进劳动条件。三、早期管理思想的缺陷n这些管理思想尚未形成一套科学的管理理论和管理方式，从而不足以产生巨大的推动力以引导传统管理摆脱小生产方式的影响，致使当时的管理仍然主要依靠个人经验进行。 第六章 古
5、典管理理论的形成（19世纪末至20世 纪初） n古典管理理论产生的历史背景主要有两个方面：一是资本主义自由竞争开始向垄断阶段过渡；二是需要对过去积累的管理经验进行总结。 一、泰罗的科学管理理论 nFrederick Winslow Taylor, the father of scientific management, was born on March 20, 1865, into an upper class liberal Philadelphia family. His father, a Princeton graduate and lawyer, made enough money
6、 from mortgages and did not have to keep a regular job. His mother was a spirited abolitionist and feminist who was said to have run an underground railroad station for runaway slaves. Both parents were Quakers and believed in high thinking and plain living. Parental authority was not questioned and
7、 children were seen and not heard in the Taylor family. Family members referred to each other as “thee“ and “thou“. At an early age Taylor learned self-control and his Quaker upbringing helped him to avoid conflicts with his peers and to resolve disagreements among them. Taylors Four Principles of M
8、anagementnDevelop a science for each element of an individuals work,which replace the old rule-of-thumb method.nScientifically select and then train,teach,and develop the worker.nHeartily cooperate with workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principles of the science th
9、at has been developed.nDivide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes over all work for which it is better fitted than the workers.二、法约尔的一般管理理论（General Management Theory） n亨利.法约尔（Henri Fayol，1841-1925），法国人，小资产者家庭出身，法国科学管理专家，管理学先驱之一。1841年生于土耳其伊斯坦布尔，1925
10、年卒于巴黎。早年曾为采矿师，是一位在理论上有特殊发现的地质学者。1885年起任法国最大的矿冶公司总经理达30年。在实践和大量调查研究的基础上，提出了一般管理理论。 Fayols 14 principles of management n1. Division of work. Specialization increases output by making employees more efficient.n2. Authority. Managers must be able to give orders and authority gives them this right.n3. Di
11、scipline. Employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organization.n4. Unity of command. Every employee should receive orders from only one superior.n5. Unity of direction. The organization should have a single plan of action to guide managers and workers.-n6. Subordination of individu
12、al interests to the general interest. The interest of any one employee or group of employees should not take precedence over the interests of the organization as a whole.n7. Remuneration. Workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.n8. Centralization. This term refers to the degree to which
13、subordinates are involved in decision making.n9. Scalar chain. The line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks in the scalar chain.-n10. Order. People and material should be in the right place at the right time.n11. Equity. Managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates.n12. St
14、ability of tenure of the personnel. Management should provide orderly personnel planning and ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies.n13. Initiative. Employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans will exert high levels of effort.n14. Esprit corps. Promoting team spirit
15、will build harmony and unity within the organization.三、马克斯.韦伯（Max Weber）理想的行政组 织 n被称为“组织理论之父”的德国社会学家马克斯韦伯（Max Weber，1864-1920）对组织管理理论的伟大贡献在于明确而系统地指出理想的组织应以合理合法权力为基础，这样才能有效地维系组织的连续和目标的达成。为此，韦伯首推官僚组织，并且阐述了规章制度是组织得以良性运作的基础和保证。 Career OrientationImpersonalit yFormal SelectionFormal Rules and Regulations
16、Authority HierarchyDivision of LaborJobs broken down into dimple, routine, and well-defined tasksPositions organized in a hierarchy with a clear chain of commandPeople selected for jobs based on technical qualificationsSystem of written rules and standard operating proceduresUniform application of rules and controls, not according to personalitiesManagers are career professionals, not owners of units they manageA B
