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1、Chapter 2 Phonology2.1 The terminology phonetics (1) phonology phonemics phonology (2) study of speech soundsphoneticslPhonetics:lthe study of phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds language.lSpeech Production (Speaker) l transmitted in the air lSpeec
2、h Perception (Hearer) l The process of speech production and perceptionlSubdivisions: larticulatory phonetics how to produce speech soundslauditory phonetics studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer lacoustic phonetics studies the way speech sounds are transmitted in the air (using spectro
3、graphs, analyze sound waves)2.2. The Speech Organs lThe articulatory apparatus of human beings are contained in the important areas or cavities: lthe pharyngeal cavity the throatlthe oral cavity the mouthlthe nasal cavity the noseThe Speech Organs2.3. Production of a soundl lOral cavity Nasal cavity
4、 l Uvularl pharyngeal cavity (glottis, vocal cords) l (through windpipes) l (air) lungs 2.4. Transcription of soundslStandard and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcriptionthe International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). A list of symbols are used to transcribe the sounds.l The vowels l l T
5、he consonants English vowels （monophthongs and diphthongs）li: beat i bit e bet l bat another : burn lu: moon put : sword l lot : car but lei say ai buy i boy lu so a now i peer le pair poorl English consonants lp pill b ball t till ld desk k kiss g gap lm member n name ring lf feel v veal s so lz zo
6、o thin thy l shy measure chainl Jill l letter r reef lw wait yardlVowels of American English li beet bit e bait bet u boot U foot o boat bore bat butt pot/bar a site sofa boy aw/ w boutl Consonants of American Englishp pill b ball t till d desk k kiss g gap m member n name ring f feel v veal s so z
7、zoo thigh thy / shy / measure chain Jill l letter r reef w wait which yardlBroad Transcription with only letter- symbols spit pitlNarrow transcription letter-symbols with diacritics phit2.5. Classification of English speech soundsl2.5.1. Vowels vs. consonantsl lvowels (with no obstruction through th
8、e speech organs)consonants (with obstruction through the speech organs)2.5.2. Classification of English consonantslBy manners of articulation lStops: p b t d k g m n lFricatives: f v s z lAffricates: l Liquids: lateral l retroflex r Nasals: mn lGlides: w l Classification of English consonantslIn ter
9、ms of places of articulationlBilabial:pbmlLabiodental:f v lDental: lAlveolar: tdsznlrlPalatal: lVelar: kg Glottal: h2.5.3. Description of consonants lThree steps:l vibration of vocal cords voiced or voicelessl place of articulationl manner of articulation2.5.4. Classification of vowelslThrough a num
10、ber of facts: the position of the tongue, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels. l the position of the tongue: lfront, central, backl the openness of the mouth: lclose vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowelsl l the shape of the lips: l un
11、roundedall the front and central vowelsl rounded-all the back vowels except a:l l the length of the sound: lshort and long vowelsl ltense and lax: llong vowels are tense and the short vowels are laxClassification of vowelsl l Front Central Backl l i: u: lClose i lSemi-close e : lSemi-open : l lOpen
