Unit Contents1 Preparing for listening to a lecture2 Paying attention to the introduction3 Understanding the ideas through examples4 Following a lecture through signal words5 Memorizing the points by taking notesUnit 3 Listening to Lectures1 Preparing for listening to a lectureUnit 3 Listening to LecturesUnit 3 Listening to Lectures1 Preparing for listening to a lectureTips before listening to a lecture: 1) Find out the topic of the lecture to be delivered.2) Research the topic by reading the related sources or the assigned readings.3) Familiarize yourself with the subject and list out questions if possible.4) Sort out subject-specific words and terms the lecture may use.Unit 3 Listening to Lectures1 Preparing for listening to a lectureTips before listening to a lecture: 5) Check the meanings and pronunciations of the terms and words.6) Bring loose leaf paper or spiral bound notebooks. Or bring a laptop if you prefer to take notes on it and if the room is set up with ample power outlets and space.2 Paying attention to the introductionUnit 3 Listening to Lectures2 Paying attention to the introductionUnit 3 Listening to LecturesA lecture often begins in two ways: l Telling an interesting story or an anecdotel Introducing the points to be covered in the talk directly2 Paying attention to the introductionUnit 3 Listening to LecturesPatterns the speaker tends to use to introduce their ideas: 1) To start with, I’ll talk about… Then I’ll discuss… After that, we’ll look at… I’ll finish by giving a summary of…2) In the first part I’ll explain/talk… Then in the second part, I will present/examine/analyze…3 Understanding the ideas through examplesUnit 3 Listening to LecturesUnit 3 Listening to LecturesSignal words that you should pay attention to: lfor example lfor instance lthe following example (story/ incident) illustrates/ demonstrates… lsuch as las in the case of la good case in point3 Understanding the ideas through examples4 Following a lecture through signal wordsUnit 3 Listening to LecturesUnit 3 Listening to Lectures1 Signalling topicToday I’m going to take up the subject of . 2 Signalling structure Now let us consider . 3 Signalling a shift Now, let’s move on to . 4 Signalling explanation What I mean is .That is to say .4 Following a lecture through signal wordsSignpost language Unit 3 Listening to Lectures1 illustration 2 cause 3 effect 4 comparison 5 condition 6 contrast 7 listing 8 classification 9 summary4 Following a lecture through signal wordsTransitional language a. similarly, likewise b. to conclude, in brief c. if, unless, assuming that d. as a result, so e. for instance, in particular f. one feature is g. due to, owingh. additionally, furthermore i. however, nevertheless5 Memorizing the points by taking notesUnit 3 Listening to LecturesTable 1Structures of a lectureFormats to be usedadvantage and disadvantagetwo-column tablecause and effectspidergramclassification and definitiontree diagram／spidergramcomparison and contrasttwo-column tablefact and figuretablesequence of an eventtimelinestage of a processflowchartproblem and solutionheadings and notesTable 2• Symbols (lead to, produce, result in, therefore)•(and, plus) (comes from, results from, be caused by) •(equals, means, is the same as) (go up, increase, ascend, rise, grow) •(number) (go down, decrease, descend, decline, •(greater than, more than, larger than) reduce) •(is approximately equivalent to) (less, minus) •(therefore, consequently) (is not equal to, not mean) •w (with) (times, multiply) •w/in (within) (less than, smaller than, fewer than) •mph (miles per hour) (because, since, as) •e.g. (for example, for instance, a case in (percent) •point) w/o (without) •/ (per) b/c (because)Table 3•Abbreviations •i.e. (that is) cf. (compare) viz. (namely) org. •(organization) •ed. (editor) ft. (and the following) fig. (figure) c. (about) •NB. (important) ref. (with reference to) op. (in the same source e.g. (for example) •C 19. ( 19 century) dept. (department) mentioned) lang. (language) •diff. (difficulty) imp. (important) info. (information) govt. (government) •max. (maximum) rain. (minimum) incl. (including) Q. (question) •A. (answer) no. (number) 1st, 2nd, 3rd. Re: (concerning) •Ss. (students) tho. (though) poss. (possible) for. (foreign) •sth. (something) univ. (university) v. (very) mats. (materials) •lib. (library) fre. (frequent) s' (times) nec. (necessary) •immed. (immediate) fund. (fundamental) reqs. (requires) edu. (education)。