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1、Planning for a successful forage cropPlanning for a successful forage crop成功的牧草作物种植规划设计成功的牧草作物种植规划设计Planning considerations设计时的考虑:Clean field 清理大田Picking the Right Seed 选择正确的种子Cover Crop Considerations 覆盖作物的考虑Seedbed Preparation and Seed Placement苗床制备和播种Fertilizer at Establishment种植时施肥Field Selectio
2、n & Preparation 田间的选择和准备牧草种子比其他大多数作物种子小，苗床条件非常重要 Forage Seeds are smaller than most other crops and seed bed conditions are critical播种前应处理主要的多年生杂草问题 Major perennial weed problems should be controlled before seeding.注意！这是一项长时间的投资This is a Long Term Investment - Take Care!Ideal Seed Bed理想的 种床Seed Shal
3、low ( 1- 1.5 cm) into a Firm, Moist, Seed Bed播于浅的（1-1.5）坚实 的、有湿度的种床Firm seed bed坚实的苗床Cultivation耕作1/4-1/2 inch deep1/4-1/2英寸的深度Effect of seeding depth on emergence (%) 播种深度对幼苗萌发的影响牧草牧草播种深度播种深度Fertilizer:施肥 Soil Test Before Seeding 播种前进行土壤测试Nitrogen (0-40 lbs）氮（0-40磅） primarily required for the cover
4、 crop初期需要保护作物 excess amounts could damage germination超量可能影响萌发 banding 2-3 inches from seed is the ideal行距2-3英尺是最理想的 Phosphate (50 lbs)磷（50磅） most important nutrient for establishment是建植最重要的 should be applied close to the seed - banded施于种子附近行施 Potassium 钾 applied to soil test as varies with soil cond
5、itions根据土壤测试结果而定 very important on coarse textured soils, less for clay对结构松散的土壤非常重要，黏土较少 Sulfur硫 applied to soil test, use sulphate form not elemental S.根据土壤测试结果而定，施化合物而不是原子硫Effect of Phosphate on Establishment 磷对牧草生长的影响 7 Weeks after Seeding 后第7周苜蓿单株重量苜蓿单株重量毫毫 克克/ /株株土壤磷含量低土壤磷含量低土壤磷含量中土壤磷含量中Seed Qu
6、ality种子质量Ideally use pure seed with a high germination percentage 种皮较厚的豆科牧草需划破种皮Legume Inoculation 豆科接种根瘤菌Inoculant applied to legume seed prior to seeding豆科牧草播种前接种根瘤菌Inoculant specific to legume type不同类型接种不同种类 such as: 例如 clovers, alfalfa, trefoil苜 蓿、三叶草Most seed companies pre treat seed with inocu
7、lant大多数种子公司用根瘤菌拌种Nitrogen Fix Annually by Legumes豆科年固氮量Autotoxicity of Alfalfa 苜蓿自毒素Alfalfa plants produce a toxin that can reduce the germination of new seedlings 紫苜蓿可以产生一种毒素，这种毒素会影响幼 苗的发芽Toxin (medicarpin) is found in the leaves 毒素存在叶子中 water soluble溶于水 more mobile in sandy soil than clay沙地要比硬地更易移
8、动 Effect of toxin depends on: 毒素的作用与以下因素有关： age of old stand 作物的生长期 amount of residue left in the soil 土壤中残笛量Seeding Rates 播种率Optimum seeding rates have usually been determined experimentally通过试验确定最佳播种量 Are related to seed size与种子大小有关 Should be adjusted for low germination rate萌发率低时调节 Usually seed 8
9、0-115 seeds per metre of row 每行每米用80-115粒种子 Plant many more seeds than actually get established播比建植种子多的种子Seeding Rates 播种率Ideal Seeds planted should be: 理想的播种应该是： 25 to 35 seeds per ft. of row (80-115 per m) 每排每英尺2535粒（即每米80115粒）Mixtures & Seeding Rates 混合播种及播种率Pure stands 单一作物 are for single purpos
10、e use such as alfalfa for cash hay market 象紫苜蓿种植牧草来出售的经 济目的 dry areas where competition is critical 在各种作物争活较强的贫脊的干旱地区 Mixtures 混合播种 provides an option for forages to adapt to different conditions such as drought or wet periods or grazing pressure 使得草场能够适应各种不同条件，如干旱或雨涝Guidelines for Forage Mixtures 牧
11、草混播指南 Pastures草场 sufficient species to adapt to soil and climate 有适应该草场土壤和气候的足够的品种 minimum of 20% legume in mixture 至少20%的豆科牧草 Hay or Silage干草或青贮饲料 Major productive species 80% of total(alfalfa) 80%的高产主要草种 Other species to improve palatability, adapt to soil, climate or improve curing of the hay 其它品
12、种用来提高适应性和其对土壤、 气候的适应能力或改进干草干化Example Forage Mixture 牧草混播举例 for adequate moisture and clay loam soil 在土壤湿润的硬地 上 Legume Pasture Haykg/ha (Seeds/sq.ft) kg/ha Seeds/sq.ft) Alfalfa 1 (2.06) 7 (14.4) Trefoil 1 (3.87) Grass Meadow Brome 5(7.34) 4 (5.87) Tall Fescue 3 (7.02) Timothy 1 (11.00) 1 (11.01) Tota
13、l kg/ha 11 12 Seeds/sq.ft (31.3) (31.28)Time of Seeding 播种时间Spring Seeding 春季播种 ideal time 最好的时间 cool, moist conditions ideal for germination 寒冷、湿度适宜萌发 Summer Seeding 夏季播种 -only if adequate moisture 只有在湿度合适时 Fall seeding - can be very successful Dormant seeding 休眠/秋季播种 seeded late so that no germination fall延迟播种，以便无种子在秋季萌发 may get frost kill if germinates too early如萌发过早易导致霜冻 can wor
