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1、Introduction to MaterialsCh. 4, Glass武汉理工大学 材料科学与工程学院材料概论introduction to Materials12Most time, we did not realizeCan you count how many things in this classroom that are made from glass ?3We see4We did not see5Glass is so important to usSo, What is the glass constituted of ? (玻璃的主要组份) How is the gla
2、ss classified ? (玻璃的分类) How is the glass work made ? (玻璃的制备方法) What are the properties of glass ? (玻璃的性质) What is the structure of glass ? (玻璃的结构) What are the major applications of glass ? (玻璃的主要用途) New types of glass and new applications ? (新型玻璃和玻璃的新用途)6ContentsuThe world of glassuPreparation of g
3、lassuStructure and propertiesuApplications of glassuOptoelectronics materials (光电材料)1. 掌握玻璃的主要类型2. 了解玻璃的主要用途3. 学习玻璃的生产工艺4. 熟悉玻璃的结构和性质5. 了解光电转换材料的最新进展课程学习目的7Part I: The world of glassSection 1.1: Introduction8Definition of glass 玻璃的定义u Glass is an inorganic product of fusion which has cooled to a rig
4、id condition without crystallization ASTM 1949 u 熔体在冷却过程中粘度逐渐增大而得的不结晶的固体材料。 汉语大词典9Features of glass 玻璃的通性uLack of the periodic (long range) order of a crystalp Infinite unit cell (no repeating large scale structures)p 3D network lacking symmetry and periodicityp ISOTROPIC 各向同性: same properties in al
5、l directionsuMetastability 介稳性能p Compared to its crystalline formu无固定熔点 (no fixed melting temp.)p Can be either solid or liquid / viscosity (粘度)u性质变化的连续性与可逆性p Continuous and reversible(可逆的) changes10Natural glass (1)uThe volcanic outflow (火山喷发) of the molten magma (岩浆) get cooled and form glasses.11
6、Natural glass (2)u Impactites (击变岩) are natural glasses formed from crystalline materials rendered amorphous by the shock of meteoric (陨石) impact. Glasses formed from impacted melts are known as tektites (玻陨石).12Major applications of industrial glass 工业玻璃的主要用途u Now commonly applied for:p Containers
7、(容器)p Windowsp Decorationp Lenses (镜头)p Fiberglass (玻璃纤维)p Fiberoptics (光导纤维)p Road signsp Composites13A brief history of glassAccording to the methods of the manufacturing process: u The First Period: 1700 BC through 100 AD pPrimitive method of making glass using molds. u The Second Period: 100 AD
8、through 400-500 AD pGlassblowing technique discovered, and glass manufacture becomes a more practical process. u The Third Period: 400-500 AD 1200 AD pMiddle Ages, characterized by Byzantine glass. u The Fourth Period: 1200 AD 1900 AD pVenetian glass, foundation for modern glass making is set. u The
9、 Fifth Period: 1900 AD present pGlass objects used as everyday goods; large scale manufacturing.14玻璃历史的简短介绍人类应用玻璃的历史根据生产工艺的不同可以分为以下几个阶段: u 公元前1700 到 公元后100年 p 用模子进行原始的玻璃生产 u 公元100年 到 400-500p 人类发明了吹制玻璃的工艺u 400-500 到 1200 p 欧洲的中世纪，拜占庭玻璃占据主流地位u 1200 AD 到 1900p 威尼斯玻璃工艺占据主导地位，现代玻璃制造工业开始成形u 1900 AD 到 现在p
10、 玻璃成为日用品原材料的一种，大规模工业化生产日益普遍15Great events in the history of glassDatePlace and Activity650 BC1st Glassmaking handbook1,200 AD Venice glass center dominates in glass production 1,590Glass telescope and microscope lenses are developed in Netherlands and used for the first time 1,609Galileo Galilei use
11、s telescope to investigate planetary motion16Great events in the history of glass1,665 Hall of mirrors in Versailles is built17Great events in the history of glass1875 Technical glasses are developed in Germany by Carl Zeiss at Jena, Germany becomes a major glass science and engineering center. 1926
12、Arthur Wood and David Gray of Corning Glass Works develop the “399” machine, later called the “Ribbon” machine to make light bulbs at speeds of 1000 per minute.18Great events in the history of glass1932William Zachariasen publishes the “Random Network Hypothesis” of glass structure and his rules of
13、glass formation in J. Amer. Chem. Society1959 Pilkington Brothers patent the float glass process and introduced in England and will ultimately revolutionize flat glass manufacturing.19701st silica optical fiber produced at Corning Glass Works using chemical vapor deposition techniques to reduce atte
14、nuation (衰减) and improve signal transmission19Classification of glasses according to compositions 玻璃的分类: 按成份分uOxide glassesuChalcogenide Glasses (硫属化物玻璃) uThioborate glasses (B2S3) (硫硼玻璃)uHalide glasses (BeF2, ZnCl2 etc.) (卤化物玻璃)uHeavy metal fluoride glasses (ZrF4) (重金属氟化玻璃)uOxy-halide glasses (氧卤玻璃
15、)uOxynitride glasses (氧氮玻璃)uMetallic glasses (金属玻璃)uGlass-like Carbon (玻璃碳)特种玻璃是指除日用玻璃以外的、采用精制、高纯或新型 原料，或采用新工艺在特殊条件下或严格控制形 成过程制成的一些具有特殊功能或特殊用途的玻 璃，也包括经玻璃晶化获得的微晶玻璃。（1）使玻璃具有特殊的功能；（2）将常规特性发挥至极点；（3）将上述某项特性以另一种特性置换；（4）牺牲上述某些性能而赋予某项有用的特性 。20Oxide glassl More than 90% of the glass in use is based on oxides
16、 and in particular silica.p Silica and silicate glasses (硅酸盐玻璃） p B2O3 and borate glasses (硼酸盐玻璃）p GeO2 and germanate glasses （锗酸盐玻璃）p P2O5 and phosphate glasses （磷酸盐玻璃）p Complex oxide glasses 21Common oxide glassesuVitreous Silica - SiO2 p Composition: SiO2 p Very expensive p Uses: lLow expansion chemically resistant tubing lLight bulbs where UV transparency and high temperature limit is necessary lUltra-low loss telecommunication optical fiber lLow ex
