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1、Transform PV to Load Capacity Status by Coupling PV Plants to CAES PlantsJames Mason Renewable Energy Research Institute ASES Forum on Solar and the Grid Buffalo, NY 13 May 2009Problem: PV Electricity Supply Is Intermittent* PV Electricity Supply Is Intermittent - Does Do Not Meet Load Capacity Requ
2、irements * Load Capacity = Dispatchable Power Dispatchable = Available on Demand - PV Cannot Replace Load Capacity Plants * PV Is Only Supplemental Electricity* A Large Increase in PV Capacity Without Energy Storage Increases System Variability, the Need for Additional Reserve Capacity, and System C
3、osts, which Translate Into Higher Electric BillsInsolation Variability: Diurnal and Annual Average Southwest US InsolationThe Solution to PVs Intermittency:Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Alabama Electric Cooperatives McIntosh, Alabama 110 MW CAES Power Plant in Operation Since 1991PV Power Pla
4、ntsCAES PowerPlantsHVDC Power LinesCAES Power PlantsDC-AC ConverterStationsCAES Power PlantsUnderground Natural Gas Storage SitesCAES Power PlantSupply of PV and CAES Electricity to Local Grid in a Coupled PV-CAES Plant Design for Load CapacityNext CAES Plant Will Be Similar In Design to the Schemat
5、ic Adiabatic CAES (No NG) Will Not Be Available Until Post-2020* PV Electricity for Air Compression Conventional CAES = 0.8 kWh In / kWh Out Adiabatic CAES = 1.43 kWh In / kWh Out* CAES Plant Natural Gas ConsumptionConventional CAES = 4,800 Btu (HHV) / kWh Out* Fuel Efficiency of a Coupled PV-CAES “
6、Peak” Power Plant CAES Only Fuel Efficiency = 71% (3412/4800) Aggregate Electricity Supplied to Grid = 64% PV and 36% CAES Aggregate PV-CAES Fuel Efficiency = 191% (3412/1786)* Conclusion: Coupled PV-CAES Provides Load Capacity, and Significantly Reduces Fuel Consumption and CO2 EmissionsNG Cost for
7、 PV-CAES to Achieve Breakeven Peak Electricity Price1. PV-CAES = Natural Gas Combined-Cycle with CCS A. $2/W Installed PV Cost -Natural Gas Electric Utility Price = $15.17/MMBtu * 117% higher than current natural gas price. B. $1.50/W Installed PV Cost -Natural Gas Electric Utility Price = $11.63/MM
8、Btu * 66% higher than current natural gas price.2. PV-Adiabatic CAES = Natural Gas Combined-Cycle with CCS A. $2/W Installed PV Cost -Natural Gas Electric Utility Price = $15.83/MMBtu * 126% higher than current natural gas price.B. $1.50/W Installed PV Cost -Natural Gas Electric Utility Price = $12.
9、34/MMBtu * 76% higher than current natural gas price.ReferenceSuccar and Williams, 2008EPRI, 2003Mason et al, 2008 (2010)Capital Cost of CAES surface equipment ($/KWe)610440621 (800)Cost of underground storage capacity ($/kWh)1.9512Storage hrs8810110Total Capital Cost782450821 (1100)Number cycles pe
10、r year328Levelized Cost ($/KWh)0.039 (0.044)Cost of CAES Power Plant The levelized cost estimates are calculated by the net present value cash flow method. Financial assumptions: capital structure 80% debt 20% equity; cost of debt 6.5%; cost of equity 10%; ; 30-year capital recovery period; 38.2% ta
11、x rate, MACRS depreciation; 2% annual inflation rate. Underground Natural Gas Storage SitesSizing PV and Air Storage Capacity1. Size of Air Storage Reservoir Must Account for Solar Variability to Insure Sufficient Air Supply 2. The Optimized Peak PV-CAES Plant Model Indicates That Air Storage Capaci
12、ty Must Be Sufficient to Enable 110 hours of CAES Operation Independent of Air Storage Recharging (40-60 million cubic feet) 3. Our Optimization Is Based on Insuring Peak Load Capacity Electricity Supply 99.5% of the Planned Operation of the CAES Plant 4. The Optimized Ratio of PV Capacity to CAES P
13、eak Load Capacity Is 1.45:1Sizing of Air Storage Reservoir and PV Capacity Assigned to Air Compression Has to Account for Insolation Variability Number of Days per Year Air Storage Reservoir Is Depleted An Important Factor in Selecting the Size of Storage ReservoirAir Storage Balances of the CAES Un
14、derground Reservoir To Insure CAES Plant Availability 99.5% of Planned Operation Effect of Distributed PV Plants Coupled to Distributed CAES Plants on Levelized Electricity Price Compared to SW PV Immediate Needs1. Define CAES in Renewable Energy Incentives - Legislatures and Regulatory Agencies2. F
15、ederal Plan for a HVDC Grid from Southwest to Electricity Markets in Southeast and Along Eastern Seaboard3. Federal Adiabatic-CAES R&D ProgramAcknowledgements Ken Zweibel George Washington University Vasilis Fthenakis Columbia University andBrookhaven Natl Lab Tom Hansen Tucson Electric Power Thomas Nikolakakis Engineering Grad
