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1、简单句和并列句主讲:马纪华 江苏省扬中高级中学 审稿:杨志平 王明霞镇江市教育局教研室 I. 句子的分类(按结构)1. 简单句 (Simple Sentences) 2. 并列句 (Compound Sentences)按结构可分为:3. 复合句 (Complex Sentences)1. 简单句例句:1. She goes to work every day.2. Tom and I found her there.3. We all breathe, eat and work.说明:由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语 (或并列谓语)构成的句子。2. 并列句例句:1. I often hel
2、p her and she helps me, too.2. Harry likes eggs, but he doesnt like chicken.说明:由并列连词(如:and, so, but, or等)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。3. 复合句说明:由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子,从句是主句的一个成分。例句:1. I believe you are right.2. If he studies harder, he will pass the exam.II. 句子成分详解1. 主语 ( Subject )表示句子说的是“什么人” 或 “什么事”。通常由名词
3、、代词、主语从句或动名词短语等充当。例如:1. My teacher hates telling lies. (指老师这个人)2. Great changes have taken place in China in the past thirty years. (所发生的事情 变化)2. 谓语 ( Predicate )说明主语“做什么” “是什么” 或 “怎么样”。通常由动词或动词短语结合时态、语态、语气等充当。要弄清两个概念:及物动词:后面直接接宾语的动词;不及物动词:后面不能直接接宾语的动词。例如:1. Children like playing games.2. They were
4、talking about a new film.3. 宾语 ( Object )常指及物动词或介词后面使之意思完整的词或短语。常由名词、代词、动词不定式或动名词短语等充当。例如:1. She has finished doing the experiment.2. We like English and are good at it.4. 表语 ( Predicative )与系动词连用,一起构成谓语,说明主语的性质特征等。常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、短语或从句等充当。英语中常见的连系动词有: look; sound; feel; seem等。例如:1. Her grandfather i
5、s an engineer.2. The two countries were at war then.3. The fact seems that he didnt notice the car.5. 定语 ( Attributive )常指修饰名词的词或短语。常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词短语等充当。例如:1. The black sweater is mine.2. We have eight classes every day.3. The coffee cup on the table is mine.6. 状语 ( Adverbial )
6、常指修饰动词、形容词或副词的成分,修饰动词时表示动作发生的时间、地点、目的或方式等;修饰形容词或副词时表示它们的程度等。状语常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词短语等充当。例如:1. The miners work very hard.2. She often helps Mike at school.3. Hearing the news, he couldnt help jumping.7. 宾语补足语 ( Object Complement )常指补充说明宾语的成分,逻辑上与宾语是“主谓”关系。常由形容词、名词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词短语等充当。例如:1. She keeps the
7、 house clean every day.2. Nobody calls me a liar.3. We last saw him playing on the playground.III. 简单句的五种基本句型 1)主 + 动 例如:I work. 我工作。2)主 + 动 + 表 例如:John is busy. 约翰忙。3)主 + 动 + 宾 例如:She studies English. 她学英语。4)主 + 动 + 宾 + 补 例如:Time would prove me right. 时间会证明我是对的。5)主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾 例如:My mother made m
8、e a new dress. 我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。 IV. 并列句的常用连词1.我们常用并列连词and, not onlybut also等连接联合并列句,用not onlybut also 时,前面一句要用部分倒装 。例如: 1)Use your head, and youll find a way.2)Not only does he want to come, but the students also need him. 2.我们常用并列连词but, while, yet等连接转折并列句。例如:(09北京)21. John plays basketball well, _ his
9、 favorite sport is badminton.A. so B. or C. yet D. for3. 我们常用并列连词or, eitheror, otherwise 等连接选择并列句。如: Either you leave this house or Ill call the police.4. 并列连词so, for等连接因果并列句。如: It was late, so we went home.注意:1.在“祈使句 + and/or + 陈述句”结构中,当前后两部分为承接关系时,用and;前后意思为相反关系时,用or。如果将前面的祈使句转换成由if引导的条件状语从句, 要将an
10、d 或or 去掉。例如: Hurry up, and well be there in time.= If we hurry up, well be there in time. 2. 并列连词so 不能与because连用; 并列连词but不能和although或 though连用。V. 句子的分类(按用途)句子按用途可分为: 1. 陈述句 (Declarative Sentences)2. 疑问句 (Interrogative Sentences)3. 祈使句 (Imperative Sentences)4. 感叹句 (Exclamatory Sentences)用来说明一个事实或陈述一种
11、看法。例如:1) Light travels faster than sound. 光比声传播速度快。(说明事实)2) The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。(说明看法)1. 陈述句(Declarative Sentences)要特别注意陈述句的否定结构首先,否定转移:主句谓语动词是think, expect, believe, suppose, guess 等表“认为” 的动词时,宾语从句的否定习惯上前移到主句谓语上.例如:1) I dont think I know you.2) She doesnt believe you are wrong.注意: ho
12、pe 不在此列.误: I dont hope it will rain.正: I hope it wont rain.第二, 句中含有never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely, nothing, nobody, nowhere等词时, 应视为否定句。例如:1) I could hardly hear anything.2) He rarely comes to see me.3) None of us has been to Beijing.4) I saw nothing in the darkness.5) We could find
13、her nowhere.第三, 部分否定和全部否定:all, both, either, every, everybody, everyday, everywhere, always与not 连用时, 表示部分否定。表示全部否定要用no, neither, none, nobody, nothing, never , nowhere 等词.肯定: All the ants go out for food.部分否定: Not all the ants go out for food.或: All the ants dont go out for food.全部否定: None of the an
14、ts goes out for food.或: Not any of the ants goes out for food.用来提出请求,建议或发出命令,肯定的祈使句用动词原形开头,否定的祈使句用Dont 或 Never +动词原形开头。例如:1. Sit down, please!2. Dont be nervous! 2. 祈使句(Imperative Sentences)有些祈使句还可以没有动词。例如:Silence! No parking!有时为了加强语气还可以在动词前面用上助动词do。例如:Do come earlier, please!表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪,常用what
15、或how来引导。常见的句型结构是:What + 名词 +主语+谓语!How +形容词或副词 +主语+谓语! 例如:1) What good news it is! 2) What a silly question he asked! 3) How cool it is today!4) How hard the students are working!3. 感叹句(Exclamatory Sentences)a. 一般疑问句(General Questions):常指用yes或no回答的句子,常把助动词be、have、do或情态动词等提到主语之前,例如: Can you finish the
16、 work in time? 你能按时完成工作吗?用来提出问题, 有以下四种:b. 特殊疑问句(Special Questions):指用疑问词开头的疑问句,不能用yes或no回答,例如:Where do you live? 你住哪儿?4. 疑问句(Interrogative Sentences)c. 选择疑问句(Alternative Questions):这种疑问句通常提出两种或两种以上的情况,要求对方选择,供选择的部分常用or 连接。例如:1. Would you like some tea or coffee? 2. Which jacket did he buy, the green one or the red one?d. 反意疑问句(Tag Questions):在陈述句后附上一个简短问句,表示说话者对所叙述的事实虽有一定见解,但没有把握,提出疑问,希望得到对方的证实。常见句型结构是:前肯定后否定;前否定后肯定两种。要注意陈述句中的否定有多种形式,除了用no