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1、Chapter 9 Language and Literature11. Style and StylisticsnStyle: variation in the language use of an individual, such as formal/informal style n nLiterary style:Literary style: ways of writing employed in ways of writing employed in literature and by individual writers; the way literature and by ind
2、ividual writers; the way the mind of the author expresses itself in the mind of the author expresses itself in wordswords2nStylistics “studies the features of situationally distinctive uses (varieties) of language, and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices ma
3、de by individual and social groups in their use of language.” (Crystal 1980)3nStylistics is the study of varieties of language whose properties position that language in context. For example, the language of advertising, politics, religion, individual authors, etc., or the language of a period in ti
4、me, all belong in a particular situation. In other words, they all have place.4nStylistics also attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language, such as socialisation, the production and reception of meaning
5、, critical discourse analysis and literary criticism.5nOther features of stylistics include the use of dialogue, including regional accents and peoples dialects, descriptive language, the use of grammar, such as the active voice or passive voice, the distribution of sentence lengths, the use of part
6、icular language registers, etc.6nMany linguists do not like the term stylistics. The word style, itself, has several connotations that make it difficult for the term to be defined accurately. n nHowever, in However, in Linguistic CriticismLinguistic Criticism, Roger Fowler , Roger Fowler makes the p
7、oint that, in makes the point that, in non-theoreticalnon-theoretical usage, usage, the word the word stylisticsstylistics makes sense and is useful in makes sense and is useful in referring to an enormous range of literary referring to an enormous range of literary contexts, such as contexts, such
8、as John John MiltonMiltons s grand style, the grand style, the proseprose style of style of Henry JamesHenry James, the , the epicepic and and balladballad style of classical style of classical Greek literatureGreek literature, etc. (Fowler, , etc. (Fowler, 1996: 185). 1996: 185). 7nIn addition, sty
9、listics is a distinctive term that may be used to determine the connections between the form and effects within a particular variety of language. n nTherefore, stylistics looks at what is going Therefore, stylistics looks at what is going on within the language; what the linguistic on within the lan
10、guage; what the linguistic associations are that the style of language associations are that the style of language reveals.reveals.8nThe scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literary language, for instance, its deviant and abnormal features, rather than the bro
11、ader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses. nFor example, the compact language of poetry is more likely to reveal the secrets of its construction to the stylistician than is the language of plays and novels. n nLiterary Stylistics:Literary Stylistics: Crystal (1987) Crystal (1987) o
12、bserves that, in practice, most stylistic observes that, in practice, most stylistic analysis has attempted to deal with the analysis has attempted to deal with the complex and valued language within complex and valued language within literature, i.e. literary stylistics. literature, i.e. literary s
13、tylistics. 9Levels of analysisnSound effectsnVocabulary nPhraseology nGrammar nImplicature 102. ForegroundingnThe 1960 dream of high rise living soon turned into a nightmare.11nFour storeys have no windows left to smashBut in the fifth a chipped sill buttressesMother and daughter the last mistresses
14、Of that black block condemned to stand, not crash.12The red-haired woman, smiling, waving to the disappearing shore. She left the maharajah; she left innumerable other lights o passing love in towns and cities and theatres and railway stations all over the world. But Melchior she did not leave.132.1
15、 What is foregrounding?nIn a purely linguistic sense, the term foregrounding is used to refer to new information, in contrast to elements in the sentence which form the background against which the new elements are to be understood by the listener / reader.14nIn the wider sense of stylistics, text l
16、inguistics, and literary studies, it is a translation of the Czech aktualisace (actualization), a term common with the Prague Structuralists. nIn this sense it has become a spatial metaphor: that of a foreground and a background, which allows the term to be related to issues in perception psychology, such as figure / ground constellations. 15n
