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1、 逯凌虹1Paragraph TypesDependent paragraph: exists only in an essay or composition, for example an introductory paragraph, supporting paragraph or concluding paragraph.Comprehensive paragraph: can exists alone.23Chapter 4 Developing Paragraphsa)In form: set off by indentation or spacingb)In content: cl
2、osely-related sentencesI. General Introduction to Paragraph:4II. Typical structure of paragraphTopic Sentence Supporting DetailsConcluding Sentence示范段落1-1We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because it causes health problems Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer of the lu
3、ngs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs In addition， it can bring about other health problems such as heart and lung diseases It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society51-1示范段落分析主题句： We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit, be
4、cause it causes health problems推展句： 1 Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer of the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs2 It can bring about other health problems such as heart and lung diseases结论句： It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in
5、 our society6从以上提纲可见，主题句提出了一个问题： What kind of health problems does cigarette smoking cause？随后的两个推展句回答了这个问题，结论句 总结了推展句并再一次强调主题句。78II-1 Topic sentenceWhat is the topic sentence? The topic sentence is the first sentence in a paragraph. What does it do? It introduces the main idea of the paragraph. How
6、do I write one? Summarize the main idea of your paragraph. Indicate to the reader what your paragraph will be about. 关于写主题句的建议 1）要写合乎语法的句子Example 1： Two causes of the American Civil War这个句子是个不完整的句子，不合乎语法，因此 不能用作主题句。Example 2： There were two causes that led to the American Civil War重写后的句子合乎语法，是个较好的主题
7、句。9关于写主题句的建议 2）要使用限写词限定主题为了正确表达观点，好的主题句经常使用关键词 或词组，即限制词（controllers）限制这一观点 。Example 3： Air travel is more convenient than train for at least three reasons 从上例主题句我们得知作者将要写“air travel”（ topic），他将要把 “train”（ aspect）和“ air travel”作比较，并且陈述“reasons”。由此可见， 作者在“aspect”（方面）和“reason”（原因）两方 面限制他的主题。103）要注意主题的可
8、写性所定的主题不能太笼统，也不能太具体。Example 4： In Hemingways story “Soldiers Home”，Krebs tells his mother that he wants no part of Gods Kingdom这个句子太具体以至于无东西可写，无法展开段 落。Example 5： In Hemingways story “Soldiers Home”， Kreb is a lonely， cynical veteran这个句子可作为主题句，因为可以围绕“lonely， cynical”展开段落。113）要注意主题的可写性Example 6： Let m
9、e tell you something aboutoverpopulation这个句子太笼统，作为一个段落的主题太大，难于 驾驭。Example 7： Why has the world population been increasing so rapidly in the last decades？这个句子是个较好的主题句，作者用“the reasons for overpopulation in the last decades”，从“原因” （cause）和“时间”（time）两方面限制了主题， 能在一个段落内论述。1213II-2 Supporting sentencesWhat
10、are supporting sentences? They come after the topic sentence, making up the body of a paragraph. What do they do? They give details to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph. How do I write them? You should give supporting facts, details, and examples. 段落的推展例如你要陈述你选择某院校的理由，第一步，写出主题句：Ther
11、e are two main reasons why I have decided to attend Bingston University next year第二步，以数个理由推展你的主题：14段落的推展 There are two main reasons why I have decided to attend Bingston University next year First of all， there is the question of money：Bingstons tuition is reasonable and I dont even have to pay it a
12、ll at once This is very important， since my father is not a rich man With Bingstons “deferred payment plan，” my father will be able to pay my tuition without too much difficulty The second reason is the fine education which I will receive there in agriculture， my chosen field It is a well-known fact
13、 that Bingston hires only the finest professors in its Agriculture Department Moreover， the university requires all agricultural students to get practical experience by working on farms in the area while they are still going to school15示范段落分析 细节： two main reasons： 理由 1financial consideration a reaso
14、nable tuition b deferred payment plan 理由 2quality of education a fine teachers b practical experience 在两个主要理由之下，作者用更小的细节支持它们。16示范段落分析由此可见，段落的推展依赖于支持主题句的细 节（details）。推展段落的方法很多。通常每个段 落以一种方法为“支配方法”（ the dominant method），必要时，可运用其它一种或数种方法 作为“辅助方法”（ the supporting method）。上面 的示范段落使用因果法（cause-and-effect）作为
15、 支配方法，分类法（division and classification） 作为辅助方法。作者还运用了“重要性排列顺序”（ the order of importance）作为安排细节、组织段 落的手段。我们将在以下各单元逐个讨论这些方法 。1718II-3 Concluding sentenceWhat is the concluding sentence?The concluding sentence is the last sentence in a paragraph. What does it do? It restates the main idea of your paragraph. How do I write one? Restate the main idea of the paragraph using different words. 一、不要突然冒出与该段主题不相关甚至相互矛 盾的新话题； 二、不要过于冗长； 三、语气不能太武断，应该委婉些。19结论句通常与主题句一样包含有段落的中心思想， 然而所用措辞与主题句不同。在示范段落 1-1，主题句是： We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because it causes health problems结论句是： It is c
